Toxicological profiles - Cyanide

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CYANIDE
......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1.1 WHAT IS CYANIDE?......Page 13
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO CYANIDE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 15
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO CYANIDE?......Page 16
1.4 HOW CAN CYANIDE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 17
1.5 HOW CAN CYANIDE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 18
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO CYANIDE?......Page 19
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 20
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 21
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 23
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 25
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 26
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 38
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 39
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 40
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 41
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 53
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 59
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 61
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 62
2.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 63
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 64
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 68
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 69
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 70
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 71
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 72
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 74
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 79
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 80
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 81
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 82
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 86
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 92
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 109
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Cyanide......Page 110
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 112
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 116
2.9 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 117
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 118
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 119
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Cyanide......Page 121
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 124
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 127
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 129
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 130
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 139
4.3 USE......Page 143
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 147
5.1OVERVIEW......Page 149
5.2.1 Air......Page 153
5.2.2 Water......Page 154
5.2.3 Soil......Page 160
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 161
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 164
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 168
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 172
5.4.1 Air......Page 173
5.4.2 Water......Page 174
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 175
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 176
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 179
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 185
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 186
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 190
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 194
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 198
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 205
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 206
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 208
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 211
8. REFERENCES......Page 237
Intermediate Exposure......Page 274
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 275
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 276
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 277
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 279
USER’S GUIDE......Page 281
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 288