Toxicological profiles - Chlorpyrifos

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHLORPYRIFOS......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1.1 WHAT IS CHLORPYRIFOS?......Page 13
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO CHLORPYRIFOS?......Page 14
1.4 HOW CAN CHLORPYRIFOS ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 15
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN......Page 16
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 17
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 18
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 20
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 22
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 23
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 31
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 33
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 34
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 35
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 36
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects.......Page 54
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 55
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 58
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 59
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 60
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 62
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 63
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 70
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 71
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 73
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 74
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 75
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 76
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 77
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 80
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 81
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 82
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 85
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 86
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 99
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Chlorpyrifos......Page 100
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 101
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 103
2.10 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 104
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 105
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 111
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 112
4.3 USE......Page 117
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 119
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 121
5.2.2 Water......Page 124
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 125
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 129
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 133
5.4.1 Air......Page 135
5.4.2 Water......Page 136
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 137
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 139
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 141
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 142
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 144
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 147
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 160
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 162
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 164
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 165
8. REFERENCES......Page 170
EPA Health Advisory......Page 198
Minimal Risk Level......Page 199
Short-Term Exposure......Page 200
Uncertainty Factor......Page 201
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 202
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 204
USER'S GUIDE......Page 210
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 219