Toxicological profiles - Asbestos

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ASBESTOS......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS ASBESTOS?......Page 16
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO ASBESTOS WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 17
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS?......Page 18
1.4 HOW CAN ASBESTOS ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 19
1.5 HOW CAN ASBESTOS AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 20
1.6 HOW CAN ASBESTOS AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 22
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS?......Page 23
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN......Page 25
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 26
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 27
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO ASBESTOS IN THE UNITED......Page 30
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 32
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 37
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 39
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 40
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 56
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 64
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 65
3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 74
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 75
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 81
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 82
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 83
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 90
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 99
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 100
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 101
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 103
3.4.3.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 104
3.4.3.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 105
3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 106
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 107
3.4.5.2 Asbestos PBPK Model Comparison......Page 110
3.4.5.3 Discussion of Model......Page 111
3.5 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 112
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 113
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 116
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 120
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 121
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 125
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Asbestos......Page 126
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Asbestos......Page 130
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 132
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 133
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 135
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 136
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 137
3.12 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 139
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Asbestos......Page 140
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 142
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 152
4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY......Page 156
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 161
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 164
5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 165
5.3 USE......Page 168
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 169
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 170
6.2.1 Air......Page 176
6.2.3 Soil......Page 177
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 178
6.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 179
6.4.1 Air......Page 180
6.4.2 Water......Page 187
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 188
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 191
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 200
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 205
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 206
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 210
7. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 211
7.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 213
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 216
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 220
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 221
9. REFERENCES......Page 229
Benchmark Dose ( BMD)......Page 347
Cleavage Fragments......Page 348
Fibrogenic......Page 349
Lethal Time......Page 350
Organophosphate or Organophosphorus Compound......Page 351
q1*......Page 352
Risk Ratio......Page 353
Tremolite......Page 354
Xenobiotic......Page 355
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 356
USER'S GUIDE......Page 358
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 365
RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY......Page 370
CHEMICAL-SPECIFIC HEALTH CONSULTATION: TREMOLITE ASBESTOS AND OTHER RELATED TYPES OF ASBESTOS......Page 375