Toxicological profiles - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS)......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 7
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 5
PEER REVIEW......Page 6
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 10
LIST OF TABLES......Page 11
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 12
1.1 WHAT ARE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS?......Page 13
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS?......Page 14
1.4 HOW CAN POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 15
1.5 HOW CAN POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 16
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 17
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 18
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 22
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 29
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 31
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 32
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 51
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 52
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 54
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 57
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 60
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 71
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 72
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 74
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 82
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 83
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 85
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 87
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 89
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 91
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 92
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 98
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 101
2.3.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 102
2.3.5 Mechanisms of Action......Page 105
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 107
2.5.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 183
2.5.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 186
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 187
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 194
2.8 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 197
2.8.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 198
2.9 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 199
2.9.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 200
2.9.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 201
2.9.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 209
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 215
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 239
4.3 USE......Page 244
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 245
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 246
5.2.1 Air......Page 247
5.2.3 Soil......Page 254
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 255
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 266
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 268
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 271
5.4.1 Air......Page 272
5.4.2 Water......Page 275
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 277
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 287
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 296
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 307
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 310
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 313
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 314
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 327
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 348
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 350
8. REFERENCES......Page 446
Embryotoxicity and Fetotoxicity......Page 525
Neurotoxicity......Page 526
Time-Weighted Average (TWA)......Page 527
User’s Guide......Page 528
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......Page 533