Toxicological profiles - Naphthalene

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR NAPHTHALENE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 7
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 5
PEER REVIEW......Page 6
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 10
LIST OF TABLES......Page 11
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 12
1.1 WHAT ARE NAPHTHALENE, 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE, AND 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE?......Page 13
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO NAPHTHALENE, 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE, AND 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 14
1.4 HOW CAN NAPHTHALENE, 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE, AND 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 15
1.5 HOW CAN NAPHTHALENE, 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE, AND 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 16
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 17
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 18
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 19
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 20
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 26
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 27
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 28
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 50
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 51
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 52
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 53
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 58
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 59
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 60
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 61
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 62
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 65
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 66
2.3.5 Mechanisms of Action......Page 67
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 72
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 88
2.5.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Naphthalene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, and 2-Methylnaphthalene......Page 89
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 90
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 91
2.8.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 92
2.9.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Naphthalene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, and 2-Methylnaphthalene......Page 93
2.9.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 97
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 104
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 108
4.3 USE......Page 109
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 113
5.2.1 Air......Page 114
5.2.3 Soil......Page 118
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 123
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 124
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 125
5.4.2 Water......Page 126
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 127
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 128
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 129
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 130
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 131
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 132
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 133
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 142
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 143
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 144
8. REFERENCES......Page 150
Adsorption Ratio (Kd)......Page 181
Lethal Dose (LO)......Page 182
Reportable Quantity (RQ)......Page 183
User’s Guide......Page 184
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......Page 189