Toxicological profiles - 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 12
LIST OF TABLES......Page 13
1.1 WHAT IS 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE?......Page 14
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE?......Page 15
1.4 HOW CAN 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 16
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE?......Page 17
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 18
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 19
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 21
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 27
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 31
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 32
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 33
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 34
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 47
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 48
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 49
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 50
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 51
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 53
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 54
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 55
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 56
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 58
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 59
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 60
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 69
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane......Page 70
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 71
2.9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 72
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 73
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane......Page 74
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 77
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 83
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 84
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 88
4.3 USE......Page 90
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 92
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 94
5.2.1 Air......Page 95
5.2.3 Soil......Page 98
5.3.1 Transport  and Partitioning......Page 99
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 100
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 101
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 102
5.4.1 Air......Page 103
5.4.2 Water......Page 104
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 105
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 106
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 107
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 111
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 112
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 115
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 122
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 123
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 125
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 126
8. REFERENCES......Page 136
Intermediate Exposure......Page 157
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 158
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 159
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 160
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 162
USER’S GUIDE......Page 168
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 175