Toxicological profiles - Atrazine

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ATRAZINE......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 10
CONTENTS......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 15
LIST OF TABLES......Page 16
1.1 WHAT IS ATRAZINE?......Page 17
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO ATRAZINE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 18
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO ATRAZINE?......Page 19
1.4 HOW CAN ATRAZINE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 20
1.5 HOW CAN ATRAZINE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 21
1.6 HOW CAN ATRAZINE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 22
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO ATRAZINE?......Page 23
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 24
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 25
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO ATRAZINE IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 27
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 29
Inhalation MRLs......Page 30
Oral MRLs......Page 31
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 33
3.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 34
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 35
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 36
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 67
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 68
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 71
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 74
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 75
3.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 76
3.2.3.7 Cancer......Page 77
3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 78
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 80
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 84
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 85
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 86
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 87
3.4.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 89
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 90
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 91
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 93
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 96
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 98
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 99
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 100
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 103
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Atrazine......Page 104
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 105
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 106
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 107
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Atrazine......Page 108
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 110
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 115
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 120
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 122
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 126
5.3 USE......Page 129
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 130
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 131
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 134
6.2.1 Air......Page 137
6.2.3 Soil......Page 138
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 139
6.3.2 Transformation and Degradation......Page 141
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 142
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 143
6.3.2.4 Other Media......Page 145
6.4.2 Water......Page 146
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 149
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 150
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 152
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 153
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 154
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 155
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 156
7.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 161
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 163
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 164
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 167
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 169
9. REFERENCES......Page 179
Case Report......Page 212
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 213
Modifying Factor (MF)......Page 214
Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 215
Reportable Quantity (RQ)......Page 216
Toxicokinetic......Page 217
Xenobiotic......Page 218
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 219
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 221
USER'S GUIDE......Page 223
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 230