Toxicological profiles - Iodine

DRAFT TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR IODINE......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 13
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS IODINE?......Page 21
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO IODINE?......Page 22
1.4 HOW CAN IODINE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 23
1.6 HOW CAN IODINE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 24
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO IODINE?......Page 25
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 26
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 27
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO IODINE IN THE UNITED......Page 29
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 30
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 43
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 47
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 48
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 49
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 50
3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 51
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 56
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 57
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 88
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 93
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 94
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 96
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 97
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 117
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 118
3.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 120
3.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 121
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 122
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 124
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 127
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 130
3.4.3.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 134
3.4.3.2 Oral Exposure......Page 135
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 141
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 143
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 162
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 168
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 169
3.6 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 170
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 171
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 175
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Iodine......Page 176
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Iodine......Page 177
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 179
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 182
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 184
3.12 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 185
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 186
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 191
4.2 PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 193
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 201
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 202
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 205
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 211
6.2.1 Air......Page 212
6.2.2 Water......Page 216
6.2.3 Soil......Page 217
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 218
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 223
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 225
6.4.1 Air......Page 226
6.4.2 Water......Page 227
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 232
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 236
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 242
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 244
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 246
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 247
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 249
7.1.1 Internal Iodine Measurements......Page 251
7.1.2 External Measurements......Page 256
7.2.2 Laboratory Analysis of Environmental Samples......Page 260
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 272
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 273
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 275
9. REFERENCES......Page 293
Acute Radiation Syndrome......Page 435
Beta Particle......Page 436
Case Report......Page 437
Curie......Page 438
Distribution Coefficient......Page 439
Electron......Page 440
Secular Equilibrium......Page 441
Half-life, Radioactive......Page 442
Total Ionization......Page 443
Lethal Dose......Page 444
Nuclear reactor......Page 445
Photon......Page 446
Radiation, Monoenergetic......Page 447
Reportable Quantity (RQ)......Page 448
Stopping Power......Page 449
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 450
Zero-Threshold Linear Hypothesis......Page 451
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 453
USER'S GUIDE......Page 461
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 468
OVERVIEW OF BASIC RADIATION PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGY......Page 473