Metal Magnetic Memory Technique and Its Applications in Remanufacturing

Preface
Contents
Part I Introduction to the Metal Magnetic Memory (MMM) Technique
1 Nondestructive Testing for Remanufacturing
	1.1 Motivations
	1.2 Conventional Nondestructive Testing Techniques
	1.3 MMM Technique
	1.4 Organization of This Book
	References
2 Theoretical Foundation of the MMM Technique
	2.1 Background
	2.2 Microscopic Mechanism
	2.3 Macroscopic Theoretical Model
		2.3.1 Magnetomechanical Model
		2.3.2 Magnetic Charge Model
		2.3.3 First Principle Theory
	References
3 State of the Art of the MMM Technique
	3.1 Historical Background
	3.2 Theoretical Research
	3.3 Experimental Research
	3.4 Standard Establishment
	3.5 Applications for Remanufacturing
	3.6 Problems and Prospects
	References
Part II Detection of Damage in Ferromagnetic Remanufacturing Cores by the MMM Technique
4 Stress Induces MMM Signals
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Variations in the MMM Signals Induced by Static Stress
		4.2.1 Under the Elastic Stage
		4.2.2 Under the Plastic Stage
		4.2.3 Theoretical Analysis
	4.3 Variations in the MMM Signals Induced by Cyclic Stress
		4.3.1 Under Different Stress Cycle Numbers
		4.3.2 Characterization of Fatigue Crack Propagation
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5 Frictional Wear Induces MMM Signals
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Reciprocating Sliding Friction Damage
		5.2.1 Variations in the Tribology Parameters During Friction
		5.2.2 Variations in the Magnetic Memory Signals Parallel to Sliding
		5.2.3 Variations in the Magnetic Memory Signals Normal to Sliding
		5.2.4 Relationship Between the Tribology Characteristics and Magnetic Signals
	5.3 Single Disassembly Friction Damage
		5.3.1 Surface Damage and Microstructure Analysis
		5.3.2 Variations in the MMM Signals
		5.3.3 Damage Evaluation of Disassembly
		5.3.4 Verification for Feasibility and Repeatability
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6 Stress Concentration Impacts on MMM Signals
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Stress Concentration Evaluation Based on the Magnetic Dipole Model
		6.2.1 Establishment of the Magnetic Dipole Model
		6.2.2 Characterization of the Stress Concentration Degree
		6.2.3 Contributions of Stress and Discontinuity to MMM Signals
	6.3 Stress Concentration Evaluation Based on the Magnetic Dual-Dipole Model
		6.3.1 Magnetic Scalar Potential
		6.3.2 Magnetic Dipole and Its Scalar Potential
		6.3.3 Measurement Process and Results
		6.3.4 Analysis of the Magnetic Scalar Potential
	6.4 Stress Concentration Inversion Method
		6.4.1 Inversion Model of the Stress Concentration Based on the Magnetic Source Distribution
		6.4.2 Inversion of a One-Dimensional Stress Concentration
		6.4.3 Inversion of a Two-Dimensional Stress Concentration
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 Temperature Impacts on MMM Signals
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Modified J-A Model Based on Thermal and Mechanical Effects
		7.2.1 Effect of Static Tensile Stress on the Magnetic Field
		7.2.2 Effect of Temperature on the Magnetic Field
		7.2.3 Variation in the Magnetic Field Intensity
	7.3 Measurement of MMM Signals Under Different Temperatures
		7.3.1 Material Preparation
		7.3.2 Testing Method
	7.4 Variations in MMM Signals with Temperature and Stress
		7.4.1 Normal Component of the Magnetic Signal
		7.4.2 Mean Value of the Normal Component of the Magnetic Signal
		7.4.3 Variation Mechanism of the Magnetic Signals Under Different Temperatures
		7.4.4 Analysis Based on the Proposed Theoretical Model
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
8 Applied Magnetic Field Strengthens MMM Signals
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 MMM Signal Strengthening Effect Under Fatigue Stress
		8.2.1 Variations in the MMM Signals with an Applied Magnetic Field
		8.2.2 Theoretical Explanation Based on the Magnetic Dipole Model
	8.3 MMM Signal Strengthening Effect Under Static Stress
		8.3.1 Magnetic Signals Excited by the Geomagnetic Field
		8.3.2 Magnetic Signals Excited by the Applied Magnetic Field
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
Part III Evaluation of the Repair Quality of Remanufacturing Samples by the MMM Technique
9 Characterization of Heat Residual Stress During Repair
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Preparation of Cladding Coating and Measurement of MMM Signals
		9.2.1 Specimen Preparation
		9.2.2 Measurement Method
		9.2.3 Data Preprocessing
	9.3 Distribution of MMM Signals Near the Heat Affected Zone
		9.3.1 Magnetic Signals Parallel to the Cladding Coating
		9.3.2 Magnetic Signals Perpendicular to the Cladding Coating
		9.3.3 Three-Dimensional Spatial Magnetic Signals
		9.3.4 Verification Based on the XRD Method
	9.4 Generation Mechanism of MMM Signals in the Heat Affected Zone
		9.4.1 Microstructure and Phase Transformation
		9.4.2 Microhardness Distribution
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
10 Detection of Damage in Remanufactured Coating
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Cladding Coating and Its MMM Measurement
	10.3 Result and Discussion
		10.3.1 Variations in MMM Signals Under the Fatigue Process
		10.3.2 Comparison of the Magnetic Properties from Different Material Layers
		10.3.3 Microstructure Analysis
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
11 Detection and Evaluation of Coating Interface Damage
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Theoretical Framework
		11.2.1 Fatigue Cohesive Zone Model
		11.2.2 Magnetomechanical Model
		11.2.3 Numerical Algorithm of the Coupling Model
		11.2.4 Calculation of the Magnetic Field Intensity
	11.3 Case Analysis for the Theoretical Model
		11.3.1 Finite Element Model Setup
		11.3.2 Finite Element Simulation Results
		11.3.3 Prediction of Interfacial Crack Initiation
		11.3.4 Prediction of the Interfacial Crack Propagation Behavior
	11.4 Experimental Verification
		11.4.1 MMM Measurement Method
		11.4.2 MMM Signal Analysis
		11.4.3 Interfacial Crack Observation
	11.5 Conclusions
	References
Part IV Engineering Applications in Remanufacturing
12 Detection of Damage of the Waste Drive Axle Housing and Hydraulic Cylinder
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Application of MMM in the Evaluation of Fatigue Damage of the Drive Axle Housing
		12.2.1 Relation Between MMM Signals and Fatigue Cycles
		12.2.2 Relation Between MMM Signals and Deformation Degree
	12.3 Application of MMM in the Evaluation of Fatigue Damage of Retired Hydraulic Cylinders
		12.3.1 Threshold Determination Method for Remanufacturability Evaluation
		12.3.2 Experimental Verification
	12.4 Conclusions
	References
13 Evaluation of the Repair Quality of Remanufactured Crankshafts
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Repair Process in Remanufacturing
	13.3 Evaluation of the Repair Quality of the Remanufactured Coating
		13.3.1 Optimization of the Processing Parameters
		13.3.2 Effect of the Processing Parameters on the Microstructure
		13.3.3 Effect of the Processing Parameters on the Microhardness
		13.3.4 Effect of the Processing Parameters on the Wear Resistance
	13.4 Repair Quality Evaluation Based on MMM Measurement
	13.5 Conclusions
	References
14 Development of a High-Precision 3D MMM Signal Testing Instrument
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Framework of the Detection System
	14.3 Detailed Processes of Instrument Development
		14.3.1 Hardware Design
		14.3.2 Software Design
	14.4 Calibration of Self-developed Instrument
		14.4.1 Static Performance of the Instrument
		14.4.2 Ability to React to the Geomagnetic Field
	14.5 Testing of the Self-developed Instrument
		14.5.1 Testing Method and Process
		14.5.2 Display and Analysis of MMM Signals
	14.6 Comparison of the MMM Testing Instruments
	14.7 Conclusions
	References