Coupled System Pavement - Tire - Vehicle: A Holistic Computational Approach

Preface
Contents
Multi-physical and Multi-scale Theoretical-Numerical Modeling of Tire-Pavement Interaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Tire Model
		2.1 Thermo-mechanical FE Tire Model
	3 Friction
		3.1 Adhesion Friction
		3.2 Hysteresis Friction
	4 Pavement Model for Short-Term Loading by Rolling Tires
		4.1 Constitutive Material Formulation for the Short-Term Behavior of Asphalt
		4.2 Cohesive Zone Model for Bonding Layers
		4.3 Mechanical ALE FE Pavement Model
		4.4 Transient, Thermal FE Pavement Model
		4.5 Thermo-mechanical Pavement Model
	5 Tire-Pavement Interaction
		5.1 Sequential Coupled Tire-Pavement Model
		5.2 Numerical Examples
	6 Long-Term Pavement Simulation
		6.1 Material Formulation to Capture the Long-Term Behavior of Asphalt
		6.2 Temporal Homogenization Procedure
		6.3 Thermo-mechanical Long-Term Simulation of the Pavement Structure Under Repeated Rolling Tire Load
	7 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Numerical Simulation of Asphalt Compaction and Asphalt Performance
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation of Asphalt Paving Compaction at Mesoscale
		2.1 Microstructure Characteristics of Aggregates
		2.2 Development of the Pre-compaction Model in EDEM
		2.3 Contact Model and Parameters
		2.4 DEM Simulation of the Pre-compaction
		2.5 Validation of the Simulation Model Based on Experimental Testing
		2.6 Influence of Paving Angle on Paving Compaction
	3 Simulation of Asphalt Roller Compaction at Macroscale
		3.1 Basics of Roller Compaction
		3.2 Development of the Roller-Asphalt Layer Interaction Model
		3.3 Calibration of the Developed Material Model
		3.4 FEM Simulation of Asphalt Roller Compaction
		3.5 Compaction Results and Void Distribution
	4 Simulation of Asphalt Mixtures Manufactured by Different Compaction Methods at Microscale
		4.1 Preparation of Asphalt Samples and Digital Image Acquisition and Processing
		4.2 Development of Microscale FEM Model of Asphalt Mixtures
		4.3 Load-Bearing Capacity of the Specimens Manufactured by Different Compaction Methods
		4.4 Fracture Patterns of Asphalt Specimens
		4.5 Further Development of FE Models of Asphalt Mixtures at Microscale
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Computational Methods for Analyses of Different Functional Properties of Pavements
	1 Introduction
	2 Analyses of Asphalt Structures Using X-Ray Scans  and Implications on Functional Properties
		2.1 Three Dimensional Analysis of Asphalt Drill Cores
		2.2 Aggregate Analysis
		2.3 Air Void Analysis
	3 Drainage Modeling of Dense and Porous Pavement Surfaces
		3.1 Modeling Decisions
		3.2 Basics for Modeling Drainage of Dense Pavements
		3.3 Modeling Permeability of Porous Pavements
		3.4 Modeling Drainage in Porous Pavements
		3.5 Modeling Complex Drainage Processes
		3.6 Development and Application of Drainage Modeling  of Dense and Porous Pavement Surfaces
	4 Contribution to Skid Resistance Modeling Under Wet Conditions Based on Micro-texture Data
		4.1 Introductive General Remarks About Skid Resistance Modeling
		4.2 Hysteresis Friction Model for the Micro-texture
		4.3 Enhancement of the Rubber Model
		4.4 Wet Friction Approaches
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Experimental Methods for the Mechanical Characterization of Asphalt Concrete at Different Length Scales: Bitumen, Mastic, Mortar and Asphalt Mixture
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanical Characterization of Bitumen
		2.1 Background
		2.2 Dynamic Shear Rheometer
		2.3 Materials
		2.4 Experimental Methods
		2.5 Viscoelastic Performance
		2.6 Aging Index
		2.7 Plastic Deformation Performance
		2.8 Dresden Cryogenic (DDC) Test for Low Temperature Performance
		2.9 Fatigue Resistance
		2.10 Performance Diagram
	3 Mechanical Characterization of Mastic
		3.1 Background
		3.2 Materials and Methods
		3.3 Viscoelastic Performance
		3.4 Ageing Index
		3.5 Plastic Deformation Peformance
		3.6 Low Temperature Performance
		3.7 Fatigue Resistance
		3.8 Performance Diagram
	4 Mechanical Characterization of Mortar
		4.1 Background
		4.2 Dresden Dynamic Shear Tester (DDST)
		4.3 Rheological Characterization of Bitumen, Mortar  and Asphalt Concrete in the DDST
	5 Mechanical Characterization of Asphalt Concrete
		5.1 Materials
		5.2 Stiffness and Stiffness Time-Temperature Dependency
		5.3 Permanent Deformation
		5.4 Fatigue
	6 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Experimental and Simulative Methods for the Analysis of Vehicle-Tire-Pavement Interaction
	1 Methods for Analyzing the Vehicle-Tire-Pavement Interaction Focused on Vertical Forces
		1.1 Modeling of Tire Characteristics
		1.2 Modeling of Vehicle Dynamics of Heavy-Duty Trucks
		1.3 Influence of Asphalt Texture on Wheel Load Variation
		1.4 Generation of Quasi-Rolling Test Rig Excitation Signals for Vehicle Axles
		1.5 Suspension Control for Heavy-Duty Axles
	2 Methods for Analyzing the Vehicle-Tire-Pavement Interaction Focused on Horizontal Forces
		2.1 Measurement and Simulation of Stress Distributions in the Tire Contact Area
		2.2 Influence of the Road and Tire Modeling on Driving Dynamics Characteristics
		2.3 Experimental Determination and Validation of Rubber Friction on Real Asphalt and Artificial Surfaces
	3 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Characterization and Evaluation  of Different Asphalt Properties Using Microstructural Analysis
	1 Introduction
		1.1 X-Ray Computer Tomography
		1.2 Materials and Load Tests
	2 Microstructural Parameters of Asphalt
		2.1 Aggregate Characteristics
		2.2 Air Void Characteristics
	3 Influence of Aggregate and Air Void Characteristics on Damage Mechanisms
		3.1 Fatigue Damage of Asphalt Mixtures with Different Air Voids
		3.2 Interface Stripping Damage of Asphalt Mixtures at High Temperatures
	4 Influence of Microstructural Parameters on Functional Properties of Pavements
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Numerical Friction Models Compared to Experiments on Real and Artificial Surfaces
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Surface Preparation and Printing
		2.2 Topography Measurement of SLM Printings
		2.3 Friction Analysis on Artificial SLM-Surfaces
	3 Microscale Approach for Friction
		3.1 Microtexture Dataset
		3.2 Model Approach
		3.3 Wet Friction Model Approach
		3.4 Comparison to Experiments
	4 Multi-scale Approach for Friction
		4.1 Adhesion Friction
		4.2 Multi-scale Hysteresis Friction
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Multi-scale Computational Approaches for Asphalt Pavements Under Rolling Tire Load
	1 Introduction
	2 Upscaling Through Micro-Macro-Coupling
		2.1 Determination of Material Parameters for Asphalt Mortar
		2.2 Microstructural Modeling of SMA 11 D S
		2.3 Formulation of Macroscopic Material
		2.4 Determination of Macroscopic Material Properties from the Microstructural Model
	3 Macrostructural Simulation of ALE Pavement Model
	4 Downscaling Through Macro-Micro-Coupling
		4.1 Development of the Interface for Macro-Micro-Coupling
		4.2 Validation of the Interface for Macro-Micro-Coupling
		4.3 Microstructural Simulation of the Asphalt Under Rolling Tire Load
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Simulation Chain: From the Material Behavior to the Thermo-Mechanical Long-Term Response of Asphalt Pavements and the Alteration of Functional Properties (Surface Drainage)
	1 Introduction
	2 Computation Procedure
		2.1 Climatic Data
		2.2 Traffic Load
		2.3 Tire-Pavement Model
		2.4 Submodules for Functional Properties of the Pavement
	3 Sensitivity Analysis
		3.1 Model Reduction
		3.2 Objective Quantities
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Surface Drainage Properties of an Asphalt Test Track
		4.2 Rut Depth Variations for Bk100
	5 Conclusions
	References