Green Internet of Things for Smart Cities: Concepts, Implications, and Challenges

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1 Green-IoT (G-IoT): Technological Need for Sustainable Development and Smart World
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Huge Electronic Waste
		1.1.2 Energy Consumption
		1.1.3 CO2 Emissions, Radiation Exposure, and Greenhouse Effect
	1.2 Green IoT
		1.2.1 Focus of Green IoT
		1.2.2 Green IoT Technologies and Green Environment
		1.2.3 Green IoT Implementation/Communication Components
			Green Internet Technologies
			Green RFID Tags
			Green Wireless Sensor Network
			Green Cloud Computing
			Green Data Centers
			Green M2M
	1.3 Approaches for Green IoT
		1.3.1 Hardware Based Green IoT Techniques
		1.3.2 Software Based Green IoT Techniques
		1.3.3 Habitual Based Green IoT Techniques
		1.3.4 Awareness Based Green IoT Techniques
		1.3.5 Policy Based Green IoT Techniques
		1.3.6 Recycling Based Green IoT Techniques
	1.4 Principles for Green IoT
	1.5 Applications of Green IoT
	1.6 Future Research Directions of Green IoT
	Bibliography
2 Green Internet of Things (G-IoT): A Solution for Sustainable Technological Development
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Internet of Things
		2.2.1 The IoT Technology Stack
		2.2.2 Connectivity Options Inside the IoT Stack
			Short-Range IoT Network Solutions
			Medium-Range Solutions:
			Long-Range Wide Area Networks (WAN) Solutions
		2.2.3 Enabling Technology for IoT
		2.2.4 IoT Characteristics
		2.2.5 Architecture of IoT
		2.2.6 Ecosystem of IoT
	2.3 Green IoT
		2.3.1 Key Technologies of Green IoT
		2.3.2 Application of Green IoT
	2.4 IoT Big 7: IoT—Challenges and Problems
		2.4.1 IoT Scalability
		2.4.2 Interoperability of IoT
		2.4.3 IoT Reliability
		2.4.4 IoT Efficiency
		2.4.5 IoT Availability
		2.4.6 IoT Software
		2.4.7 IoT Security
	2.5 Incorporating IoT and Cloud Computing for Addressing Intrinsic Challenges of IoT
		2.5.1 Scalability Via Cloud Computing
		2.5.2 Interoperability Through Cloud Computing
		2.5.3 Functionality Via Cloud Infrastructure
		2.5.4 Efficiency Through Cloud Computing
		2.5.5 Availability
	2.6 Summary and Conclusions
	References
3 Green-IoT (G-IoT) Architectures and Their Applications in the Smart City
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 What Is IoT?
	3.3 Green IoT
	3.4 A Better IoT
	3.5 Problems/Challenges/Issues—G-IoT
	3.6 Methods of G-IoT
	3.7 Contribution to World
	3.8 Future Scope of G-IoT
	3.9 Conclusion
	Bibliography
4 Practical Implications of Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) for Smart Cities
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Introduction to IoT
		4.2.1 Applications of IoT
		4.2.2 Opportunities
		4.2.3 Barrier to Entry and Future Challenges of IoT
	4.3 Overview of Green IoT
		4.3.1 Green IoT Lifecycle
		4.3.2 Technologies for Green IoT
		4.3.3 Applications
		4.3.4 Issues and Future Investigation Directions
	4.4 Smart City Overview
		4.4.1 Characteristics
		4.4.2 Applications
	4.5 Features of Green IoT Smart Cities
		4.5.1 Green Smart Home
		4.5.2 Green Smart Office
		4.5.3 Green Smart Healthcare Systems
		4.5.4 Green Smart Farming
		4.5.5 Green Smart Grids
		4.5.6 Green Smart Transport System
		4.5.7 Green Smart Waste Management System
		4.5.8 Green Smart Environment
	4.6 IoT Structural Design for Smart Cities
	4.7 Conclusion and Future Directions
	Bibliography
5 Green IoT and Big Data: Succeeding Towards Building Smart Cities
	5.1 Introduction to Internet of Things
		5.1.1 Green Internet of Things
		5.1.2 Application of Green IoT
			Smart Cities
			Smart Grid
			Smart Transport
			Smart Manufacturing and Smart Factories
			Smart Health
	5.2 Introduction to Big Data
		5.2.1 Applications of Big Data
			Health Care
			Banking and Securities Industry
			Communications, Media, and Entertainment
			Education
			Manufacturing and Marketing
			Agriculture
		5.2.2 Big Data Technologies and Terminologies
			Hadoop Ecosystem
			Cascading
			Scribe
			Apache HBase
			Mango DB
			Spark
			R
			Data Lakes
			NoSQL Database
	5.3 Role of Green IoT and Big Data for Building Smart Cities
		5.3.1 Smart Meters
		5.3.2 Smart Trash Management System
		5.3.3 Smart City Surveillance Systems
		5.3.4 Smart Education
	5.4 Summary
	Bibliography
6 Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) Application: AI Based Smart Farming
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Targeted Areas and Objectives
	6.3 Our Contribution
	6.4 Basic Algorithm for the Given Solution
	6.5 Components Used
		6.5.1 Soil Sensor
		6.5.2 Water Level Sensor
		6.5.3 Rain Sensor
		6.5.4 Ultrasonic Sensor
		6.5.5 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
	6.6 Proposed Solution
	6.7 Results
	6.8 Conclusion
	Bibliography
7 Efficient Green Solution for a Balanced Energy Consumption and Delay in the IoT-Fog-Cloud Computing
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 An Architecture for Assessing Green Solutions Using IoT
	7.3 Conclusion
	Bibliography
8 Mobility Management in Green IoT
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Electronic Physical Structures
	8.3 Existing Turns of Events
	8.4 Remote Sensor Structures
	8.5 The Open Tornado Stage
	8.6 Noteworthiness Limit
	8.7 Cloud Affiliations
	8.8 Vitality of the Board Structures
	8.9 Cash Related and Normal Effect Assessment
	8.10 Conclusion
	Bibliography
9 Social Distance Monitoring in Smart Cities Using IoT
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methodology
	9.3 Application of MSHB
	9.4 Working and Features
	9.5 Challenges
	9.6 Conclusion
	Bibliography
10 Sustainable Solution for Load Forecasted EHV Charging Station in Smart Cities
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Green Smart Cities
	10.3 Electric Vehicles
		10.3.1 Battery Electric Vehicles
		10.3.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
		10.3.3 Battery Chargers for EVs
	10.4 Implications
		10.4.1 Solar Energy
		10.4.2 Wind Energy
	10.5 Challenges
	10.6 Solution Through Internet of Things
	References
11 Disputes and Challenges in IoT (Internet of Things) Applications: A Literature Survey
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Literature Review
		11.2.1 Big Data Analytics
		11.2.2 Security and Privacy
		11.2.3 IoT for Healthcare
		11.2.4 Services and Related Issues of IoT
	11.3 Conclusion
	References
12 Security and Privacy for a Green Internet of Things
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Background
		12.2.1 Identification, Sensing and Communication Technologies
	12.3 Security Requirements
	12.4 Security Requirements in IoT Architecture
		12.4.1 Sensing Layer and IoT End-Nodes
		12.4.2 Network Layer
		12.4.3 Service Layer
		12.4.4 Application-interface Layer
		12.4.5 Cross-Layer Threats
	12.5 Threats Caused in Maintenance of IoT
		12.5.1 Security and Privacy Issues Within the Internet of Things
		12.5.2 Various Challenges in IoT Development
	12.6 Security Architecture
		12.6.1 Security Principles
		12.6.2 Open Questions
		12.6.3 Future Directions of Research
	12.7 Conclusion
	Bibliography
13 Anomaly Detection Over SDN Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Securing Smart City
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Software-Defined Network
		13.2.1 Security Over SDN
		13.2.2 Types of Network Attacks
		13.2.3 Evaluation Metrics
		13.2.4 Machine Learning Algorithms for Anomaly Detection
		13.2.5 Deep Learning Algorithms for Anomaly Detection
	13.3 Machine Learning and Internet of Things
	13.4 IoT and Smart City
	13.5 Smart Energy, Smart Mobility, and Smart Citizens
	13.6 Big Data and IoT With Machine Learning
	13.7 Machine Learning Applications to IoT and IoT Security
	13.8 Features of IoT Environment
	13.9 Conclusion
	References
14 Edge AI With Wearable IoT: A Review On Leveraging Edge Intelligence in Wearables for Smart Healthcare
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Literature Survey
		14.2.1 Related Work for Wearable Technology
		14.2.2 Related Work for Edge Computing
		14.2.3 Related Work for Deep Learning
		14.2.4 Related Work for Edge Intelligence
	14.3 Role of AI, Edge Computing and Wearable IoT
		14.3.1 Wearable IoT Framework for Smart Healthcare
		14.3.2 Wearable IoT Devices
		14.3.3 Edge Computing for Smart Healthcare
		14.3.4 Edge Computing Framework
	14.4 Artificial Intelligence for Smart Healthcare
		14.4.1 Deep Learning Algorithm
		14.4.2 Use Cases Scenario in Healthcare
			14.4.2.1 Human Activity Recognition
			14.4.2.2 Fall Detection
	14.5 Edge Artificial Intelligence—Deep Learning On Edge
		14.5.1 Edge Intelligence Framework for Smart Healthcare
	14.6 Conclusion
	Bibliography
15 An Approach to IoT Framework and Implementation of DoS Attack
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Related Work
	15.3 Background Protocols and Applications
		15.3.1 IoT Applications
	15.4 Classification of IoT Architectures
		15.4.1 Three-Layer Architecture
		15.4.2 Five-Layer Architecture
		15.4.3 Seven-Layer Architecture
	15.5 Case Study
		15.5.1 Experimental Test-Bed Details
		15.5.2 Attack Scenario
		15.5.3 Execution Steps
	15.6 Conclusion
	Bibliography
16 WSN Based Efficient Multi-Metric Routing for IoT Networks
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Motivation and Problem Statement
	16.3 Related Work
	16.4 Model for An Energy Efficient IoT
		16.4.1 Proposed Work Description
		16.4.2 Estimation of Energy Consumption
		16.4.3 Estimation of Link Time of a Node
		16.4.4 Data Traffic Load Estimation of a Node
	16.5 Simulation Setup
	16.6 Results and Discussions
	16.7 Conclusion
	Bibliography
17 Green Cloud Computing: A Step Towards Environment Sustainability Using Live Virtual Machine Migration
	17.1 Introduction
		17.1.1 Carbon Footprint Challenges and in Cloud Energy Consumption
		17.1.2 Environment Friendly Cloud Computing: Green Computing
	17.2 Background
	17.3 Server Consolidation for Energy Efficiency
		17.3.1 Need of Virtualization
		17.3.2 Methodology: Energy Efficiency Using LVMM (Live VM Migration)
	17.4 Conclusion
	Bibliography
18 Smart Education Technology: Design Research of Future Formal Learning Environment in Smart Cities
	18.1 Introduction
		18.1.1 Smart Classroom and Its Needs
		18.1.2 Highlights of Smart Classrooms
	18.2 What Is the Internet of Things?
		18.2.1 Elements of IoT
		18.2.2 Focus
		18.2.3 Factors Prompting Accomplishment of IoT in Education Sector
		18.2.4 How is the Education Sector Using IoT for Progress?
		18.2.5 Applications
	18.3 Related Work
	18.4 Green – IoT
	18.5 Green Education System
	18.6 Future of Research Directions
	18.7 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Index