Bee Products and Their Applications in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries

Front Cover
Bee Products and Their Applications in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Bee products—An overview of their pharmacological properties and medicinal applications
	Introduction
	Complementary and alternative medicine
	Bee product pharmacology
	Ethical considerations with the use of bee products
	Problems of holistic apitherapy
	Bias in interpretation of scientific data
	Acceptance of bee products as medicine
	Possibilities for uses of bee products in medicine
		Treatment of various types of wounds
			Wound infections
			Tonsillectomy
			Diabetic foot ulcers
			Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis
			Burns
			Malignant fumigating wounds
			Herpes virus-associated skin lesions (HSV-1, HSV-2)
		Honey for acute coughs in children
		Oral health—Dental plaque and gingival inflammation
		Poststroke shoulder pain
		Musculoskeletal pain
	Bee products must be superior to other approaches
	Bringing bee products back into medicine—Discussion and concluding remarks
	References
Chapter 2 Bee products and skin therapy
	Introduction
	Honey
		Types of honey
		The role of honey constituents
		Therapeutic properties of honey
	Propolis
		Propolis against photodamage of skin
		Antimicrobial properties of propolis against infections
		Wound healing properties of propolis
	Bee pollen
		Bee pollen and skin products
		A cosmetic ingredient for hair products
		Burn healing properties
	Royal jelly
		Royal jelly in skin care
		Therapeutic effects of royal jelly
	Beeswax
		Beeswax in cosmetics
		Beeswax in skin care
		Antimicrobial effects of beeswax
		Antioxidative and antiinflammatory activity of beeswax
	Bee venom
		Cosmetic applications of bee venom
		Pharmacological value of bee venom
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Bee products and diabetes mellitus
	Introduction
	Preclinical studies on the antidiabetic potential of bee products
		Blood glucose, Hb1Ac, and lipid profiles
		Insulin deficiency
		Oxidative stress and insulin resistance
	Preclinical studies of bee products on diabetic complications
		Diabetic nephropathy
		Diabetic retinopathy
		Delayed wound healing
	Clinical studies involving bee products
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Propolis and the immune system
	Introduction
	Phytochemicals of propolis responsible for immunomodulatory action
	Overview of the immune response
	Immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive immunity
		Effects on innate immunity
			Effects on phagocytes, NK cells, and cytokines
			Effects on dendritic cells and cytokines
		Effects on adaptive immunity
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Propolis and gastrointestinal tract diseases
	Introduction
	Phytochemical constituents of propolis
	Effect of propolis on oral mucositis
	Effect of propolis on gastrointestinal cancers
		Mechanism of action of propolis on cancer cells
		Research on development of pharmaceutics
	Antiulcer activity of propolis
		Mechanism of action of propolis on gastric ulcers
		Efficacy of propolis on H. pylori
	Effect of propolis on inflammatory bowel disease
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Potential of propolis against SARS CoV-2 coronavirus infection
	Introduction
	Antiviral properties of propolis
	Possible paths of action of propolis against COVID-19
		Effects on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor binding
		Blocking of protein kinases
		Inhibition of proteases
		Immunomodulatory activity
		Adjuvant efficiency
		Efficiency against septic shock
		Antithrombosis activity
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Effect of propolis on fungi of human clinical interest
	A modern portrait of human fungal infections
		Tegumentar infections
		Mucosal infections
		Invasive fungal infections (IFIs)
		Fungal virulence attributes
		Insights on treatment of human fungal infection
	Propolis
		Botanical origin
		Chemical composition
		Physicochemical characteristics
		Products, by-products, and formulations
	Biological properties of propolis for human health
		Pharmacological properties
		Antifungal properties
		Mechanisms of propolis antifungal action
		Propolis cytotoxicity and mutagenic potential
	Propolis perspectives for prevention or treatment of fungal infections
		Propolis on cutaneous fungal infections
		Propolis on mucosal fungal infections
		Propolis in the prevention of systemic fungal infections and potential use in the coating of medical devices
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Royal jelly and fertility
	Introduction
	The effects of royal jelly on fertility in experimental animal models
		Effect of royal jelly on female fertility in rodents
		Effect of royal jelly on male fertility in rodents
		Fertility-improving effect of royal jelly in farm animals
			Chickens
			Rabbits
			Buffaloes
			Sheep
	Royal jelly and human fertility
	Beyond royal jelly: The effect of drone milk on fertility
		The effect of drone milk on male rats
		The effect of drone milk on female rats
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9 Prevention of side effects from chemoradiotherapy and antitumor potential of royal jelly and its components: A s ...
	Introduction
	Materials and methods
		Data source and search strategy
		Inclusion and exclusion criteria
		Selection of articles and quality assessments
		Data analysis
	Results
		Characteristics of selected studies
		Preclinical cell studies
			Breast cancer
			Colorectal adenocarcinoma
			Hepatocellular carcinoma
			Lung cancer
			Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis
		Preclinical animal studies
			Breast cancer
			Leukemia
			Prevention of side effects—Hepatotoxicity
			Prevention of side effects—Mucositis
			Prevention of side effects—Prostatic tissue damage
			Prevention of side effects—Spermiotoxicity
		Effect of RJ on the human models
			Clinical trials with RJ for oncologic treatments
				Leukemia
			Effect of RJ on treatable symptoms from oncologic treatments
				Cancer-related fatigue
				Cancer-related fatigue and anorexia
				Eating difficulty
				Inflammation
				Mucositis
				Nephrotoxicity
				Inflammation and decrease of immunity
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 10 Royal jelly: Healthy aging and longevity
	Introduction
	Royal jelly
	Aging process
	Evaluation of royal jelly studies on healthspan and lifespan
		Apis mellifera studies
		A nematode model study: Caenorhabditis elegans
		A yeast model study: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
		A multicellular organism model study: Drosophila melanogaster
		Rodent model studies: Rat and mice
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Bee pollen in cosmetics: The chemical point of view
	Introduction
	Bee pollen as a nutritional and health-promoting agent
	Bee pollen as a source of antioxidants
	Lipophilic/hydrophilic character of bee pollen
	Skin and skincare cosmetics
	Selected compounds from bee pollen as skincare cosmetics components
		Quercetin and derivatives
		Vitamin C ( l -ascorbic acid)
		Vitamin E (tocopherols)
		Apigenin and derivatives
		Zinc and selenium
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Pollen and bee bread and liver health
	Introduction
	Chemical composition and active components of pollen and bee bread
	Effects of pollen and bee bread on liver enzymes and diseases
		Liver enzymes
		Hepatitis and hepatotoxicity
		Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
		Alcoholic liver disease (ALD)
		Cirrhosis
		Hepatocellular carcinoma
	Safety considerations of pollen and bee bread
	Future pollen and bee bread research
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13 Bee bread and gut microbiota
	Introduction
	Chemical composition of bee bread
		Moisture
		Proteins and amino acids
		Lipids
		Ash content and minerals
		Carbohydrates
		Phenolic compounds
		Compounds related to aroma and flavor
		Vitamins
	Biochemical principles related to bee bread production in the hives
	Microorganisms involved in bee bread production
	Functional potential of bee bread on gut microbiota
	Simulation of production of bee bread from bee pollen
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Therapeutic application of bee venom for rheumatoid arthritis
	Introduction
		Historical context
		Type of application method of bee venom therapy
	Pharmaceutical properties and medical uses of bee venom
		Bioactive compounds in bee venom
		Therapeutic applications
	Bee venom therapy for rheumatoid arthritis
		In vivo studies for rheumatoid arthritis
		In vitro studies for rheumatoid arthritis
		Clinical studies for rheumatoid arthritis
	Safety of bee venom therapy
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Bee venom: Antitumor activity and its therapeutic applications
	Introduction
	The physical and chemical attributes of bee venom
	Biological active components of bee venom
		Enzymes
			Phospholipase A2
			Phospholipase B
			Hyaluronidase
			Phosphatase
			α -Glucosidase
		Peptides
			Melittin
			Apamin
			Mast cell degranulating (MCD) peptide
			Adolapin
			Tertiapin
			Secapin
			Cardiopep
	General medicinal properties of bee venom
	Antitumor activity of bee venom
	Alzheimer’s disease
	Parkinson’s disease
	Antimicrobial properties of bee venom
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16 An overview of risks and benefits of bee products
	Introduction
	Health benefits of bee products
		Honey
		Bee pollen
		Royal jelly
		Propolis
	Risks associated with consumption of bee products
		Environmental contaminants
		Microbial contamination and mycotoxins
		Allergic reactions
		Chemicals occurring during processing and storage
		Adulteration of honey
		Poisonous honey
		Honey and infant botulism
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17 Future prospects of propolis, bee pollen, royal jelly, and bee venom
	Introduction
	Challenges in various applications of bee products
		Variation in bioactive components of bee products
			Propolis
			Pollen and bee bread
			Royal Jelly
			Bee venom
		Safe doses and bioavailability of nutrients
		Regulations on health claims for bee products
	Food applications and dietary supplements with bee products
	Outlook for bee products
	Conclusion
	References
Index
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