Forensic Engineering: Damage Assessments for Residential and Commercial Structures

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the International Code Council
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Editor
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Definition of Forensic Engineering/Sciences
	1.2 Why Forensic Engineering/Sciences
	1.3 Insurance Industry Claims Statistics
	1.4 Standard Methodology for Forensic Inspections
		1.4.1 Pre-Inspection File Preparation
			1.4.1.1 Gathering Information and Allocating Resources
			1.4.1.2 Inspection Equipment and Preparation
		1.4.2 Basic Site Inspection Methodology
			1.4.2.1 Basic Methodology – Site Arrival Best Practice
			1.4.2.2 Basic Methodology – Property Owner/Point of Contact Interview
			1.4.2.3 Basic Methodology – Interior Inspection
			1.4.2.4 Basic Methodology – Exterior (Non-Roof) Inspection
			1.4.2.5 Basic Methodology – Roof Inspection
			1.4.2.6 Basic Methodology – Collection of Evidence
	1.5 Written Inspection Reports – Why Necessary and Standard Components
		1.5.1 Need for a Written Inspection Report
		1.5.2 Basic Methodology – Elements of a Written Inspection Report
			1.5.2.1 Title Page, Cause for Claim/Inspection, and Scope of Work
			1.5.2.2 Documentation of Information Obtained During the Interview
			1.5.2.3 Review of Structure Information and Applicable Data
			1.5.2.4 Review of Weather Data (If Pertinent)
			1.5.2.5 Summarization of Inspection Observations
			1.5.2.6 Discussion Section Including Pertinent Analysis
			1.5.2.7 Conclusions
			1.5.2.8 Recommendations
			1.5.2.9 Appendices
		1.6 Terminology – Use of the Terms “Not Possible,” “Possible,” “Probable,” “Likely,” and
“Certain”
	References
Chapter 2 Hail Fundamentals and General Hail-Strike Damage Assessment Methodology
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Hailstone Formation and Characteristics
		2.2.1 Hailstone Formation
		2.2.2 Hailstone Characteristics
		2.2.3 Size and Shapes of Hailstones
	2.3 Hailstorm Characteristics
		2.3.1 Distribution of Hailstones in a Hail Swath
		2.3.2 Random Fall Patterns of Hailstones
		2.3.3 Hailstorm Directionality and Determining Fall Patterns
	2.4 Hail–Strike Damage Assessment Fundamentals
		2.4.1 Physics Lesson – Basics of Energy Transfer and Coefficient of Restitution
		2.4.2 Material Impact Resistance
		2.4.3 Damage Classification: Functional or Cosmetic?
		2.4.4 Hailstone Size Thresholds for Functional Damage to Roofing Materials
		2.4.5 Conditions Leading to Increased Likelihood of Functional Damage to Roofing Materials
			2.4.5.1 Hailstone Directionality, Angle of Impact, and Perpendicularity
			2.4.5.2 Hailstone Density/Hardness
			2.4.5.3 Conditions Decreasing the Impact Resistance of Materials
		2.4.6 Determining Hail Size: Correlation between Size of Dents in Metal versus Size of Hail
			2.4.6.1 Ice Ball Impact Studies of Metal Surfaces to Determine Dent Multiplier
			2.4.6.2 Hailstone Impact Dents in Metal – How to Measure Dent Diameters
			2.4.6.3 Summary of Using Hail-Strike Dents to Estimate Maximum Hailstone Size
	2.5 Hail Damage Inspection Methodology/Protocol
		2.5.1 Obtain Pertinent Information from the Property Owner, Occupant, or Representative through an Interview Prior to Inspection
			2.5.1.1 General Building Information
			2.5.1.2 Roof Information
			2.5.1.3 Storm History Information
		2.5.2 Create or Obtain a Basic Plan-View Sketch of the Roof
		2.5.3 Take Broad-View Photographs of Each Exterior Elevation of the Structure
		2.5.4 Conduct a Systematic Inspection of the Exterior Building Envelope and Document any Damages
			2.5.4.1 Mechanical Damage to Exterior Building Envelope Components
			2.5.4.2 Common Exterior Damage Claims  – Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Units
			2.5.4.3 Common Exterior Damage Claims – Windows and Seal Failures
			2.5.4.4 Common Exterior Claims – Potential Potential for Hail-Strike Damaged Masonry and Concrete Surfaces
		2.5.5 Conduct a Systematic Inspection of the Roof Surfaces and Appurtenances
			2.5.5.1 Safety
			2.5.5.2 Roof Construction at Eave or Access Point
			2.5.5.3 Roof Measurements
			2.5.5.4 Inspection of Metal Surfaces and Roof Appurtenances for Hail-Caused Damages
			2.5.5.5 Inspection for Hail-Caused Functional Damage to the Roofing Material
			2.5.5.6 General Observations on the Overall Condition of the Roof Surfaces
	2.6 Methods to Determine Relative Dates of Hailstorms
	2.7 Hail Damage Inspection Report
	References
Chapter 3 Hail Damage Assessments for Residential and Light Commercial Exterior Finished Surfaces and Steep-Slope Roof Systems
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Need for Hail Damage Inspections for the Residential and Light Commercial Market
	3.2 Common Exterior Building Envelope Components Damaged by Hailstone Strikes
	3.3 Common Metal Surfaces and Roof Appurtenances with Hail-Caused Damages
	3.4 Detailed Inspection Methodologies for Different Roof Finishes
		3.4.1 Asphalt Roof Systems/Shingles
			3.4.1.1 Functional Damage Condition #1: Ruptured Shingle Reinforcement
			3.4.1.2 Functional Damage Condition #2: Significant Granular Loss Exposing the Underlying Asphalt
			3.4.1.3 Correlation of Hail Damage to Asphalt Shingles to Hail Size, Pitch of Roof, and Directions of Roof Slopes Relative to an Oncoming Hailstorm
			3.4.1.4 Non-Hail-Strike Damage to Asphalt Shingle Roof Surfaces
		3.4.2 Roll Roofing Roof Systems
		3.4.3 Wood Shake and Shingle Systems
			3.4.3.1 Definitions and Guidelines
			3.4.3.2 Inspection for Functional Hail-Strike Damage to Wood Roof Surfaces
			3.4.3.3 Importance of Care and Maintenance
			3.4.3.4 Repairing Wood Roof Surfaces
		3.4.4 Slate, Clay, Concrete, and Asbestos Tile Roof Systems
			3.4.4.1 Tile Roof System Inspection Methodology, Definitions, and Guidelines
			3.4.4.2 Tile Roof System – Examples of Non-Hail Damage
			3.4.4.3 Repairing Tile Roofs
	3.5 Useful Experience and Rules of Thumb for Hail-Strike Damage to Residential and Light Commercial Roof Systems
	References
Chapter 4 Hail Damage Assessments to Low-Sloped Roof Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Descriptions of Low-Sloped Roof Systems
	4.3 Built-up (BUR) Roof Systems
		4.3.1 Description
		4.3.2 BUR Roof Surface Life and Commonly Encountered Defects
		4.3.3 BUR – Thresholds for Hail-Strike Damage
		4.3.4 BUR – Inspection Case Studies
			4.3.4.1 Small Hailstones to a Smooth-Surfaced BUR
			4.3.4.2 Large Hailstones to a Smooth-Surfaced BUR
			4.3.4.3 Old Hailstone Damage to a Smooth-Surfaced BUR
	4.4 Modified Bitumen (Mod-Bit) Roof Systems
		4.4.1 Description
		4.4.2 Mod-Bit Membrane Roof Life and Commonly Encountered Surface Defects
		4.4.3 Mod-Bit – Thresholds for Hail-Strike Damage
		4.4.4 Mod-Bit – Inspection Case Studies
			4.4.4.1 Small Hail to Reflective-Coated Mod-Bit Membrane
			4.4.4.2 Large Hail to Gravel-Surfaced Membrane
			4.4.4.3 Large Hail to Smooth-Surfaced Reflective-Coated Mod-Bit
	4.5 Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Roof Systems
		4.5.1 Description
		4.5.2 EPDM Membrane Roof Life and Commonly Encountered Surface Defects
		4.5.3 EPDM – Thresholds for Hail-Strike Damage
		4.5.4 EPDM – Thresholds Case Studies
	4.6 Thermoplastic Roof Systems
		4.6.1 Description
		4.6.2 Thermoplastic Membrane Roof Life and Commonly Encountered Surface Defects
		4.6.3 Thermoplastic Membrane Roof Surfaces – Thresholds for Hail-Strike Damage
		4.6.4 Thermoplastic – Inspection Case Studies
			4.6.4.1 Hail-Strike Damage to Aged PVC Membrane
			4.6.4.2 Hail-Strike Damage to Newer PVC Membrane
	4.7 Metal Roof Systems
		4.7.1 Description
		4.7.2 Metal Roof System Life and Commonly Encountered Surface Defects
		4.7.3 Modern Metal Panel Roof Systems – Thresholds for Hail-Strike Damage
		4.7.4 Modern Metal Panel Roof System – Inspection Case Study
			4.7.4.1 Hail-Strike Damage to Metal Roof on a Warehouse Building
	4.8 Sprayed Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Roof Systems
		4.8.1 Description
		4.8.2 SPF Roof Surface Life and Commonly Encountered Defects
		4.8.3 SPF Roof Finishes – Thresholds for Hail-Strike Damage
		4.8.4 SPF – Inspection Case Studies
			4.8.4.1 Hail-Strike Damage to SPF Roof – No Reported Roof Leaks
			4.8.4.2 Hail-Strike Damage to SPF Roof – Reported Roof Leaks
	References
Chapter 5 Synthetic Storm Damage (Fraud) to Roof Surfaces
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Recognition and Evaluation of Possible Hail Damage Fraud to Asphalt-Shingled Roof Surfaces
		5.2.1 Introduction to Hail Damage Fraud to Asphalt-Shingled Roof Surfaces
		5.2.2 Characteristics of Fraudulent Hail Damage to Asphalt-Shingled Roof Surfaces
			5.2.2.1 Damage Is Concentrated in, or Limited to, Easily Accessible Roof Areas
			5.2.2.2 Unusual Damage Patterns
			5.2.2.3 Storm Event(s) Either Not Present in the Area or Size of Hail Not Consistent with Hail-Stone Sizes from Known Storm Events
			5.2.2.4 Presence or Size of Simulated Hail Defects
	5.3 Characteristics of Fraud (Man-Made) Hail Damage to Other Roof Surfaces
	5.4 Characteristics of Fraud (Man-Made) Hail Damage to Exterior Building Envelope Components
	5.5 Recognition and Evaluation of Possible Wind Damage Fraud to Asphalt-Shingled Roof Surfaces
		5.5.1 Introduction to Wind Damage Fraud to Asphalt-Shingled Roof Surfaces
			5.5.1.1 Lack of a Severe Storm Event Associated with the Reported Date of Loss
			5.5.1.2 Unusual Patterning of Damaged Shingles
			5.5.1.3 Excessive Use of Tarps
		5.5.2 Example Fraud Wind Damage – Asphalt Roof – Reporting Information
	References
Chapter 6 Wind Damage Assessments for Residential and Light Commercial Roofing Systems and Finished Surfaces
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Wind Basics
		6.1.2 Wind-Associated Failure Modes
			6.1.2.1 Design Wind Speeds
			6.1.2.2 Factors Contributing to the Resistance of Wind Uplift or Blow-Off
			6.1.2.3 Age of the Roof System and Components
	6.2 Wind Failure Forensic Investigations – Overview of Methodology
		6.2.1 Wind Damage Inspection Methodology
			6.2.1.1 Wind Damage Inspection Methodology – On-Site Interview
			6.2.1.2 Wind Damage Inspection Methodology – Create or Obtain Plan View Sketch of Roof
			6.2.1.3 Wind Damage Inspection Methodology – Complete Exterior Inspection(s)
			6.2.1.4 Wind Damage Inspection Methodology – Complete Roof Inspection
			6.2.1.5 Wind Damage Inspection Methodology – Inspection Report
	References
Chapter 7 Wind Damage Assessments for Low-Sloped Roof Systems
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Wind Forces
		7.2.1 Wind Pressure Interaction on Buildings
		7.2.2 Design Wind Speeds
		7.2.3 Calculating Wind Uplift Pressures
	7.3 Low-Sloped Roof System Failure Modes
		7.3.1 Low-Slope Installation Methods and Overview of Failure Causes
		7.3.2 Types and Typical Causes of Failure for Low-Sloped Roof Systems
	7.4 Installation Practices for Proper Securement of Low-Sloped Roof Systems
		7.4.1 Perimeter Flashing and Attachments for Low-Sloped Roof Systems
			7.4.1.1 Perimeter Nailers
			7.4.1.2 Perimeter Fascia, Gravel Stops, and Copings
		7.4.2 Roof Deck and Above-Deck Components for Low-Sloped Roof Systems
			7.4.2.1 Roof Insulation for Low-Sloped Roof Systems
			7.4.2.2 Roof Membrane Attachment
	7.5 Low-Sloped Roof System Inspection Methodology
		7.5.1 Visual Inspection of Low-Sloped Roof Surfaces
		7.5.2 Destructive Testing of Low-Sloped Roof Surfaces
		7.5.3 Uplift Testing of Low-Sloped Roof Surfaces
			7.5.3.1 Negative Pressure Test – Low-Sloped Roof System Surfaces
			7.5.3.2 Bonded Uplift Test – Low-Slope Roof System Surfaces
	7.6 Wind Damage Case Studies
		7.6.1 Blown-Off TPO Membrane
		7.6.2 Missing Ballast on EPDM Membrane Roof
		7.6.3 Newer BUR Membrane over Older BUR Membrane
		7.6.4 Insufficient Adhesive for Fully Adhered EPDM Membrane
		7.6.5 Improperly Secured EPDM Membrane Seams
		7.6.6 Improper Edge Details for EPDM Membrane
		7.6.7 Rotted Purlins Supporting a Metal Panel Roof System
		7.6.8 Older Mechanically Attached EPDM Membrane
		7.6.9 Ballooned Fully Adhered EPDM
		7.6.10 TPO Membrane Covering an Aquatic Complex
		7.6.11 Insulation Facer Board Delamination
		7.6.12 Unlocked Standing Seam Metal Panels
	References
Chapter 8 Water Infiltration – Cause and Origin Assessments Steep- and Low-Sloped Roof Systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Common Leak Areas Associated with Roof Systems
		8.2.1 Applications for Steep-Sloped Roof Systems
			8.2.1.1 Underlayment and Ice Damming Protection
			8.2.1.2 Eave and Rake Details
			8.2.1.3 Gutters and Roof Drainage
			8.2.1.4 Valleys (i.e., Open, Closed-Cut, Closed-Woven)
			8.2.1.5 Valley Deficiencies
			8.2.1.6 Vertical Walls and Chimneys
			8.2.1.7 Roof Penetrations/Appurtenances
		8.2.2 Low-Slope Applications
			8.2.2.1 Roof Drainage
			8.2.2.2 Flashing
			8.2.2.3 Care and Maintenance to Low-Sloped Roofing Systems
	8.3 Methodology for Water Cause and Origin Inspections
		8.3.1 Interview with the Property Owner(s) and/or Owner’s Representative
			8.3.1.1 Home/Building Information
			8.3.1.2 Roof Information
			8.3.1.3 Water Intrusion History
		8.3.2 Interior Inspection
			8.3.2.1 Plan View Sketch and Measurements of Interior
			8.3.2.2 Interior Observations (by Floor and Room)
			8.3.2.3 Attic Space Observations
		8.3.3 Exterior and Roof System Inspection
			8.3.3.1 Exterior Walk-Around
			8.3.3.2 Roof System Assessment
			8.3.3.3 Diagnostic Tools and Testing Methods
		8.4 Water Causation and Origin Inspection Report
		References
Chapter 9 Water Infiltration – Cause and Origin Assessments Exterior Residential and Light Commercial Building Envelope
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Moisture Control Design Considerations
		9.2.1 Wall Moisture Sources and Transport Mechanisms
		9.2.2 Importance of Moisture Content Control for Wood and Other Products
		9.2.3 Principles in Water Management
			9.2.3.1 Deflection
			9.2.3.2 Drainage
			9.2.3.3 Drying
			9.2.3.4 Durability
		9.2.4 Secondary Details in Water Management
	9.3 General Water Management Details for Common Exterior Finishes
		9.3.1 Stucco
		9.3.2 Brick and Stone Masonry Veneer
			9.3.2.1 Through-Wall Flashing
			9.3.2.2 Weeps
			9.3.2.3 Air Space/Drainage Cavity
			9.3.2.4 Common Deficiencies with Brick Veneer Contributing to Water Infiltration
			9.3.2.5 Deficiencies with Stone Veneer Contributing to Water Infiltration
		9.3.3 Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS)
			9.3.3.1 Historic Problems with EIFS
			9.3.3.2 EIFS Water Management Details
		9.3.4 Siding
			9.3.4.1 Siding Water Management Details
	9.4 Water Management Details for Common Fenestration Elements
		9.4.1 Windows and Doors
			9.4.1.1 Codes and Standards for Windows and Doors
			9.4.1.2 Window and Door Water Management Details
			9.4.1.3 Window and Door Leak Case Studies
		9.4.2 Common Wall Penetrations
	9.5 Inspection Methodology for Exterior Water Cause and Origin Investigations
		9.5.1 Interview with Owner/Points of Contact
		9.5.2 Interior Inspection
		9.5.3 Exterior Inspection
	9.6 Exterior Finishes Water Causation and Origin Inspection Report
	References
Chapter 10 Water Infiltration into Basements
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Review of Causes for Water Intrusion and Water Damage to Basement Surfaces
		10.2.1 Drainage
			10.2.1.1 Surface Drainage
			10.2.1.2 Roof Drainage
			10.2.1.3 Foundation Drainage
		10.2.2 Sump Pumps
		10.2.3 Water Supply Line and Sanitary Line Breaks or Leaks
		10.2.4 Sanitary Line Backups
		10.2.5 Exterior Wall Surface Water Management Issues
			10.2.5.1 Porch or Deck Interfaces
			10.2.5.2 Windows and Walls
		10.2.6 Condensation
	10.3 Methodology for Basement Water Causation and Origin Forensic Inspections
	10.3.1 Interior Inspection
	10.3.2 Exterior Inspection
	10.4 Methodology for Basement Water Causation and Origin Forensic Inspection Reports
	References
Chapter 11 Indoor Environmental Quality
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 IEQ
	11.3 IAQ
	11.4 Application of IAQ to Forensic Investigations and Lessons from Field Investigations
		11.4.1 Temperature and Humidity – Range of Values for Human Comfort
			11.4.1.1 Revised ASHRAE Standard (55-2004)
			11.4.1.2 ASHRAE Standard (55-1992)
		11.4.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
		11.4.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO[sub(2)])
		11.4.4 Indoor Humidity
			11.4.4.1 Relative Humidity (RH)
			11.4.4.2 Specific Humidity (SH)
			11.4.4.3 Dew Point (DP)
			11.4.4.4 Volatile Organic Hydrocarbons (VOCs)
	11.5 Use of the Term “Adequate Ventilation”
	11.6 Air Cleaning Technologies
	11.7 Lessons from the Field
	References
Chapter 12 Attic and Crawlspace Ventilation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Attic Ventilation
		12.2.1 Attic Ventilation Requirements
		12.2.2 Concept of Net Free Area (NFA) or Net Free Vent Area (NFVA)
		12.2.3 Example Attic Ventilation NFVA Calculation
			12.2.3.1 Example Attic Ventilation (NFVA) Calculation – Attic Area and Required NFVA
			12.2.3.2 Example Attic Ventilation (NFVA) Calculation – Actual Intake Ventilation vs Required Intake Ventilation
			12.2.3.3 Example Attic Ventilation (NFVA) Calculation – Actual Exhaust Ventilation vs Required Exhaust Ventilation
			12.2.3.4 Example Attic Ventilation (NFVA) Calculation – Net Results
		12.2.4 Examples of Attic Ventilation Issues Observed in the Field
	12.3 Crawlspace Ventilation
		12.3.1 Crawlspace Ventilation Requirements
		12.3.2 Example Crawlspace Ventilation Calculation
			12.3.2.1 Example Crawlspace Ventilation Calculation – Crawlspace Area and Required Vent Area
	References
Chapter 13 Mold and Bacteria
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Mold
		13.2.1 Introduction to Mold
		13.2.2 Mold and Health Effects
		13.2.3 Overview of the Mold Inspection and Remediation Processes
		13.2.4 Sampling for Mold
		13.2.5 Interpreting Mold Results
			13.2.5.1 Interpreting Mold Results – General
			13.2.5.2 Interpreting Mold Results – Example of Typical Surface and Air Sampling Results
			13.2.5.3 Interpreting Mold Sampling Results – Case Study
	13.3 Bacteria
		13.3.1 Introduction to Bacteria
		13.3.2 Sampling for Bacteria
		13.3.3 Interpreting Bacterial Sampling Results
		13.3.4 Legionella Bacteria
			13.3.4.1 Sampling, Culturing, and Identification of Legionella Bacteria
			13.3.4.2 Legionella and ASHRAE
	References
Chapter 14 Forensic Inspection Assessments of Residential Wood Framing Systems
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Common Roof Framing Systems
		14.2.1 Pre-Engineered Press-Plated Wood Trusses
		14.2.2 Ridge Beam and Rafters
		14.2.3 Rafters with Ceiling Joists or Rafter Ties
	14.3 Common Wall/Floor Framing Systems
		14.3.1 Balloon Walls
		14.3.2 Platform Framing
	14.4 Common Floor Joist Members
	14.5 Diaphragms and Shear Walls
	14.6 Building Code Requirements and Specifications
		14.6.1 Roof Systems Loading
			14.6.1.1 Gravity and Vertical Loads
			14.6.1.2 Lateral Loads
		14.6.2 Floor Systems Loading
		14.6.3 Load Combinations
		14.6.4 Deflection Criteria
		14.6.5 Wood Member and Fastener Allowable Loads and Adjustment Factors
		14.6.6 Allowable Wood Floor Joist and Rafter Spans
			14.6.6.1 Floor Joists
			14.6.6.2 Roof Rafters
		14.6.7 Rafter Tie and Connection Requirements
		14.6.8 Modifications to Wood Structural Framing Members
			14.6.8.1 Floor Framing Members
			14.6.8.2 Wall Framing Members
			14.6.8.3 Roof Framing Members
		14.6.9 Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms and Shear Walls
			14.6.9.1 Wood Structural Panel Sheathing in Roof and Floor Diaphragms
			14.6.9.2 Wood Structural Panel Sheathing in Shear Walls
	14.7 Allowable Wall Tilt (Out-of-Plumb)
	14.8 Common Causes of Structural Damage
		14.8.1 Structural Damage Caused by Impact from Fallen Objects or Vehicles
		14.8.2 Structural Damage Caused by Water Infiltration/Moisture
		14.8.3 Structural Damage Caused by Fire
		14.8.4 Structural Damage Caused by Blasts/Explosions
		14.8.5 Structural Damage Caused by Modifications and/or Improper Construction
		14.8.6 Structural Damage Caused by Actual Loads Exceeding Design Loads or Under-Designed Framing Members
		14.8.7 Accumulation of Fiber Damage
	14.9 Natural Defects in Wood Framing Members
	14.10 Methodology for a Structural Framing Damage Assessment Inspection
		14.10.1 Interview with the Point(s) of Contact
			14.10.1.1 Building Information
			14.10.1.2 Roof Covering Information
			14.10.1.3 Damage History Information
			14.10.1.4 Storm History Information (when applicable)
		14.10.2 Interior Inspection of the Structure
			14.10.2.1 General Observations
			14.10.2.2 Damage(s) Observed to Visible Finished Surfaces
			14.10.2.3 Damage(s) Observed to Exposed Framing Members
		14.10.3 Roof Framing System Inspection
			14.10.3.1 General Attic Observations
			14.10.3.2 Damage(s) Observed to Framing Members
			14.10.3.3 Attic Ventilation (When Applicable)
		14.10.4 Exterior Walk-Around
			14.10.4.1 General Exterior Observations
			14.10.4.2 Damage(s) Observed to Visible Finished Surfaces
			14.10.4.3 Roof Ventilation Inspection
		14.10.5 Roof Inspection
			14.10.5.1 General Roof Observations
			14.10.5.2 Damage(s) Observed to Roof Surfaces
			14.10.5.3 Probable Leak Locations
			14.10.5.4 Probable Leak Locations – Water Testing (When Applicable)
		14.10.6 Analysis of Information Collected
			14.10.6.1 Determination of Cause of Damage
		14.10.7 Inspection Report
	References
Chapter 15 Forensic Inspection Assessments of Foundation Walls
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Foundation Code Design Requirements
	15.3 Exterior Forces on Foundation Walls
	15.4 Wall Distortion
	15.5 Differentiating between Cosmetic Tilts and Damage vs Structural Tilts and Damage
		15.5.1 Cosmetic Tilt and Damage
		15.5.2 Acceptable Tilt and Damage (Repair)
		15.5.3 Significant Tilt and Damage (Unstable)
		15.5.4 Recommended Wall Tilts/Slopes by Damage Classification
	15.6 Discussion of Cracks
	15.7 Foundation Damage Assessment Methodology
		15.7.1 Foundation Damage Assessment Methodology – Interview of the Property Owner or Owner’s Representative
		15.7.2 Foundation Damage Assessment Methodology – Site Inspection
		15.7.3 Foundation Damage Assessment Methodology – Analysis of Information Collected
		15.7.4 Foundation Damage Assessment Methodology – Inspection Report
	References
Chapter 16 Forensic Inspection Assessments of Brick Masonry Chimneys, Veneer Walls, and Porches/Decks
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Brick Masonry Chimneys
		16.2.1 Chimney Code and Best Practices Design Requirements
		16.2.2 Methodology for Chimney Inspections
			16.2.2.1 Interview – Obtain Pertinent Information from the Property Owner, Owner’s Representative, or Occupant
			16.2.2.2 Create or Obtain a Basic Plan-View Sketch of the Chimney
			16.2.2.3 Complete Chimney Inspection – Document Observations in Writing with Measurements and Photographs
		16.2.3 Examples of Common Chimney Issues Observed in the Field
	16.3 Brick Masonry Veneer Walls
		16.3.1 Brick Masonry Veneer Wall Code and Best Practices Design Requirements
		16.3.2 Inspection Methodology for Brick Veneer Inspections
			16.3.2.1 Interview – Obtain Pertinent Information from the Property Owner, Owner’s Representative, or Occupant
			16.3.2.2 Create or Obtain a Basic Plan-View Sketch of the Building
			16.3.2.3 Complete Brick Veneer Wall Inspection – Document Observations in Writing with Measurements and Photographs
		16.3.3 Examples of Brick Veneer Wall Issues Observed in the Field
	16.4 Porches and Decks
	16.4.1 Porch and Deck Code and Best Practices Design Requirements
	16.4.2 Inspection Methodology for Porch and Deck Inspections
		16.4.2.1 Interview – Obtain Pertinent Information from the Property Owner, Owner’s Representative, or Occupant
		16.4.2.2 Create or Obtain a Basic Plan-View Sketch of the Porch/Deck
		16.4.2.3 Complete Porch/Deck Inspection – Document Observations in Writing with Measurements and Photographs
	16.4.3 Examples of Common Porch/Deck Issues/Findings Observed in the Field
	References
Chapter 17 Fire Damage Structural Property Assessments
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Fire Temperature Effects on Materials
	17.3 Overview of Methodology for Evaluation of Structural Fire Damage to Buildings
		17.3.1 Signs of Visual Structural Damage to Concrete/CMU/Clay Masonry/Stone Foundation or Structural Walls – General
			17.3.1.1 Signs of Visual Structural Damage to Concrete
			17.3.1.2 Signs of Visual Structural Damage to Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block
			17.3.1.3 Signs of Visual Structural Damage to Clay Brick Masonry
			17.3.1.4 Signs of Visual Structural Damage to Stone Masonry
		17.3.2 Signs of Visual Structural Damage to Steel
		17.3.3 Signs of Visual Structural Damage to Wood Members
	17.4 Methodology for Structural Fire Damage Assessment of Buildings
		17.4.1 Fire Damage Structural Assessment Methodology – Interview of Property Owner or Owner’s Representative
		17.4.2 Fire Damage Structural Assessment Methodology – Site Inspection
		17.4.3 Fire Damage Structural Assessment Methodology – Analysis of Information Collected
		17.4.4 Fire Damage Structural Assessment Methodology – Written Report
	References
Chapter 18 Vehicle Impact Structural Property Assessments
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Damage Assessment Methodology for Vehicular Impact to a Building
		18.2.1 Vehicle Impact with Building Damage Assessment Methodology – Interview of Property Owner or Owner’s Representative
		18.2.2 Vehicle Impact with Building Damage Assessment Methodology –
Site Inspection
		18.2.3 Vehicle Impact with Building Damage Assessment Methodology –
Analysis and Reporting of Collected Information
	References
Chapter 19 Tornado-Related Structural Property Damage Assessments
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Overview of Tornado Damage Scales and Tornado Damage
	19.3 Methodology for Tornado Damage Assessment of Buildings
		19.3.1 Tornado Damage Assessment Methodology – Interview of Property Owner or Owner’s Representative
		19.3.2 Tornado Damage Assessment Methodology – Site Inspection
		19.3.3 Tornado Damage Assessment Methodology – Analysis of Information Collected
		19.3.4 Tornado Damage Assessment Methodology – Written Report
	References
Chapter 20 Blast and Explosion Damage Property Assessments
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Overview of Criteria for Evaluation of Blast Damage to Buildings
		20.2.1 Overview of United States Department of Interior History for Evaluation of Blast Damage to Buildings – Bureau of Mines
		20.2.2 Current Blasting Formula and Criteria
	20.3 Blast or Explosion Damage Assessments
		20.3.1 Blast Damage Assessment Methodology
			20.3.1.1 Blast Damage Assessment Methodology – Interview of Property Owner or Owner’s Representative
			20.3.1.2 Blast Damage Assessment Methodology – Site Inspection
			20.3.1.3 Blast Damage Assessment Methodology – Interview of Blast Company Owner/Representative
			20.3.1.4 Blast Damage Assessment Methodology – Analysis of Collected Information
			20.3.1.5 Blast Damage Assessment – Written Report
		20.3.2 Explosion Damage Assessment Methodology
			20.3.2.1 Explosion Damage Assessment Methodology – Interview of Property Owner or Owner’s Representative
			20.3.2.2 Explosion Damage Assessment Methodology – Site Inspection
			20.3.2.3 Explosion Damage Assessment Methodology – Analysis of Collected Information
			20.3.2.4 Explosion Damage Assessment – Written Report
	References
Chapter 21 Lightning Damage Property Assessments
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Lightning Codes and Standards
	21.3 Lightning Damage and Forensic Investigations
		21.3.1 Lightning Damage Assessment Methodology
			21.3.1.1 Lightning Damage Assessment Methodology – Collection and Review of Weather Records for Lightning Strikes at/near the Date of Loss
			21.3.1.2 Lightning Damage Assessment Methodology – Interview of Owner or Owner’s Representative
			21.3.1.3 Lightning Damage Assessment Methodology – Site Inspection
	References
Chapter 22 Plumbing/Piping/Tubing Failures
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Tubing vs Piping vs Hosing?
	22.3 Examples of Plumbing Failures
		22.3.1 Plumbing Freeze Failures
		22.3.2 Plumbing Installation Failures
		22.3.3 Manufacturing Defects
		22.3.4 Chemical/Corrosion Plumbing Failures
		22.3.5 Mechanical Plumbing Failures
		22.3.6 Dishwasher and Icemaker Plumbing Failures
	22.4 Sanitary Plumbing and Fire Suppression System (FSS) Failures
		22.4.1 Sanitary Plumbing Failures
		22.4.2 Fire Suppression System Failures
	22.5 Plumbing/Piping/Tubing Failures Assessment Methodology – Site Inspection
		22.5.1 Plumbing/Piping/Tubing Failures Assessment Methodology –
Analysis of Information Collected
		22.5.2 Plumbing/Piping/Tubing Failures Assessment Methodology – Written Report
	References
Chapter 23 Equipment Failures and Investigations
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Various Types of Equipment Failures
		23.2.1 Sump Pumps
			23.2.1.1 Power Failures
			23.2.1.2 Improper Installation
			23.2.1.3 Mechanical Failures
		23.2.2 Well Pumps
		23.2.3 Radiant Heat System/Radiator/Boilers
			23.2.3.1 Improper/Lack of Maintenance
			23.2.3.2 Issues with Pressure
			23.2.3.3 Water Leaks
		23.2.4 Dishwasher Solenoid Valve Failures
			23.2.4.1 Manufacturing Defect
			23.2.4.2 Installation Error
			23.2.4.3 Cyclic Fatigue – “Wear and Tear”
		23.2.5 Washing Machine Gasket Failure
			23.2.5.1 Manufacturing Defects
			23.2.5.2 Installation Error
			23.2.5.3 Wear and Tear/Cyclic Fatigue
	23.3 Methodology for Equipment Failure Forensic Inspections
	23.4 Methodology for Equipment Failure Forensic Inspection Reports
		23.4.1 Obtain Well Logs before Site Inspection
		23.4.2 Inspect Premises for Evidence of Collateral Lightning Damage
		23.4.3 Inspect Equipment to Obtain Model and Serial Numbers and Date of Installation from Name Plate (if Provided)
		23.4.4 Inspect Equipment – Look for Damage to Components Typically Damaged by High Voltage
	References
Chapter 24 Serving as an Expert Witness
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 The Basic Elements of a Civil Case
		24.2.1 The Complaint
		24.2.2 Defendant’s Answer
		24.2.3 Discovery
		24.2.4 Trial
	24.3 What Is an Expert Witness?
	24.4 Where Does an Expert Witness Fit in the Civil Case?
	24.5 Serving as an Expert Witness in a Civil Case: The Steps of the Process
		24.5.1 Retained Expert – Initial Contact by an Attorney
		24.5.2 Retained Expert – Agreement to Consult with an Attorney to Review the Facts of the Case
		24.5.3 Retained Expert – Agreement as to Compensation for Your Time
		24.5.4 Retained Expert – Careful Review of the Facts of the Case
		24.5.5 Retained Expert – Good Understanding of the Allegations
		24.5.6 Retained Expert – Agreement to be Endorsed as an Expert Witness
		24.5.7 Retained Expert – Formation of Opinions
		24.5.8 Retained Expert – The Attorney’s Expert “Disclosure” or “Endorsement”
		24.5.9 Retained Expert – Preparing the Expert Report
		24.5.10 Retained Expert – Deposition by Opposing Attorney
		24.5.11 Retained Expert – Potential Expert “Challenge” by Opposing Attorney
		24.5.12 Retained Expert – Trial Deposition
		24.5.13 Retained Expert – Trial Testimony
	24.6 Some “Tips” for Serving as an Expert Witness
		24.6.1 General Tips
		24.6.2 Tips Regarding Expert Written Reports
		24.6.3 Tips Regarding Opposing Attorney’s Questions in Depositions and Trials
	References
Index