Urban Biodiversity and Built Environment: Case Study of Shanghai

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	1.1 Significance to Integrate Biodiversity Protection and Enhancement into Urban Planning and Design
		1.1.1 Human Activities Are Causing Increasing Damage to Biodiversity
		1.1.2 The Significance of Biodiversity in Urban Environment is Often Underestimated
		1.1.3 The Role of Cities in Biodiversity Conservation is Gaining Increasing Attention
		1.1.4 The Eco-City Planning in China Lacks Research on the Relationship Between Urban Biodiversity and Built Environment
	1.2 Current Researches of Planning and Design for Urban Biodiversity with a China Focus
		1.2.1 Planning for Unban Biodiversity on the Macroscale
		1.2.2 Planning for Unban Biodiversity on the Mesoscale
		1.2.3 Planning and Design for Biodiversity on the Microscale
		1.2.4 Deficiencies in Current Planning and Design for Unban Biodiversity in China
	1.3 Key Points of the Book
	References
2 Conceptual Framework
	2.1 Concept, Type and Function of Multiple Overlapping Habitats in Cities
		2.1.1 Concept of Urban Multiple Habitats
		2.1.2 Types of Overlapping Urban Multiple Habitats
		2.1.3 Patch Functions and Supply Potential of Each Type of Habitats
	2.2 Analysis Framework of the Relationship Between Urban Biodiversity and Built Environment
		2.2.1 Characteristics of the Impact of Urban Built Environment on Biodiversity
		2.2.2 Factors in Urban Built Environment Affecting Biodiversity
	2.3 The Hypnosis of the Influence Mechanisms of the Built Environment on Urban Biodiversity
		2.3.1 Impact Mechanism of Urban Built Environment on Biodiversity in Urban Multiple Habitats
	References
3 Relationship Between Urban Biodiversity and Built Environment and in Macro Scale: The Case Study of Shanghai, China
	3.1 Urbanisation and Urban Biodiversity in Shanghai
	3.2 Materials and Methods
		3.2.1 Data on Biodiversity and Its Spatial Distribution
		3.2.2 Built Environment Variables and Calculation Method
	3.3 Correlation Analysis and Results
		3.3.1 Correlation Analysis for Development Intensity and Biodiversity
		3.3.2 Correlation Analysis for Ecological Land and Biodiversity
	3.4 Influence of Urban Built Environment on Biodiversity in Macroscale
		3.4.1 Influence of Development Intensity on Biodiversity
		3.4.2 Influence of Ecological Land on Biodiversity
	3.5 Distribution and Quality of Wildlife Habitats in Shanghai and Its Environmental Influence Mechanism
		3.5.1 Natural Distribution Characteristics of Wildlife Habitats
		3.5.2 Biodiversity Quality of Major Wildlife Habitats and the Impact of Built Environment
		3.5.3 Analysis on the Spatial Control and Current Status of Major Wildlife Habitats
	3.6 Summary
	References
4 Relationship Between Diversity and Built Environment on Meso-Micro Scale: The Case Study in Blocks Along Century Avenue, Pudong New District, Shanghai
	4.1 Study Area and Methods
		4.1.1 Birds as Studied Species
		4.1.2 Selection of Study Area
		4.1.3 Survey Methods
		4.1.4 Data Statistics and Analysis Methods
	4.2 Bird Communities and Their Structure
		4.2.1 Characteristics of Bird Communities
		4.2.2 Total Number of Birds, the Number of Bird Species and the Change of Dominant Species in Different Seasons
		4.2.3 Comparison of Bird Species Communities in the Study Area and the Century Park in Shanghai
		4.2.4 Comparison of the Community Structure of Bird Species in Different Habitats
		4.2.5 Comparison of Bird Community Structure in Various Morphologies of Semi-artificial Habitats in the Attached Green Spaces
	4.3 Analysis of Bird Community’s Requirements for Spatial Niches and Actual Utilization of Micro-habitats
		4.3.1 Analysis of Bird Community’s Requirements for Spatial Niches
		4.3.2 Analysis of the Actual Utilization of Micro-habitats by Bird Communities
	4.4 Analysis of Distribution Characteristics of Spatial Preference of Dominant Bird Species and Common Bird Species
		4.4.1 Even Distribution
		4.4.2 Aggregation by Preference
		4.4.3 Clustering at Scattered Points
		4.4.4 Analysis of Preference for Proximity of Feeding and Nesting Niches
	4.5 Spatial Distribution of Avian Diversity Variables
		4.5.1 Overall Spatial Distribution of Avian Diversity Variables
		4.5.2 Distribution of Species Diversity Variables of Birds in Different Habitats
	4.6 Correlative Analysis Between Urban Built Environment and Avian Diversity
		4.6.1 Correlation Analysis Between Development Intensity and Avian Diversity
		4.6.2 Correlation Analysis Between Ecological Land and Avian Diversity
		4.6.3 Correlation Analysis Between Vegetation and Avian Diversity
	4.7 Impact of the Built Environment of Various Functional Areas on Avian Diversity
		4.7.1 Blocks for Public Green Spaces
		4.7.2 Residential Blocks
		4.7.3 Blocks for Public Facilities
	4.8 Influence Mechanism of Built Environment on Avian Diversity in Roadside Green Spaces
		4.8.1 Selection of Sample Blocks for Study in Roadside Green Spaces
		4.8.2 Factors that Interfere with Species Richness of Roadside Green Spaces
		4.8.3 Influence of Spatial Distribution of Vegetation on the Species Richness of Roadside Green Spaces
	4.9 Summary
	References
5 Optimization of Urban Planning and Design to Support Biodiversity in Multiple Habitats
	5.1 Factors in Built Environment Affecting Urban Biodiversity
		5.1.1 The Affecting Factors of Ratio Effect
		5.1.2 The Affecting Factors of Area Effect
		5.1.3 The Affecting Factors of Edge Effect
		5.1.4 The Affecting Factors of Distance Effect
		5.1.5 The Affecting Factors of Network Effect
		5.1.6 The Affecting Factors of Height Effect
	5.2 Planning and Design Regulation Model Based on Biodiversity Performance in Urban Built Environment
		5.2.1 Comprehensive Assessment of Biodiversity Performance in Urban Built Environment
		5.2.2 Planning and Design Regulation Objectives to Improve Biodiversity Performance in Urban Built Environment
	5.3 Principles of Optimization in Planning and Design to Enhance Biodiversity in Urban Built Environment
		5.3.1 On the Level of Master Plan: Quantity Assurance, Zoning, Level Classification, and Networking
		5.3.2 On the Level of Regulatory Plan: Size Increase, Greening Centralization, Distance Control, and Corridor Access
		5.3.3 On the Level of Urban Design: Benefit Improvement, Planting Suitability, Disturbance Reduction, and Symbiosis
	5.4 Planning and Design Optimization Strategies to Improve Biodiversity Performance of Urban Built Environment
		5.4.1 Master Plan
		5.4.2 Regulatory Plan
		5.4.3 Urban Design
	5.5 Key Planning and Design Indicators for Improving Biodiversity Performance of Urban Built Environment
	5.6 Summary
	References
6 Conclusions and Prospects
	6.1 Research Conclusion
		6.1.1 Theoretical Development: Relationship Between Urban Biodiversity and Built Environment
		6.1.2 Influence Mechanism: The Influence Mechanism of Built Environment on Biodiversity on Two Scales
		6.1.3 Planning Response: Planning and Design Optimization to Improve Biodiversity Performance of Urban Built Environment
	6.2 Prospects
	Reference
Appendix Survey Results of Birds in the Study Area of Century Avenue in Shanghai