Ultra-wideband radio technology

Ultra-Wideband Radio Technology......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Dedication......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 20
1.1 The Basics of Radio......Page 22
1.2 The History of Radio......Page 27
1.4 Wireless Becomes Radio: The Era of Broadcasting and Regulations......Page 35
1.5 Advantages in Wider Bandwidths......Page 36
1.6 Radio Takes Another Wider-band Step......Page 37
1.7 Still Wider has More Advantages......Page 38
1.8 Summary......Page 39
References......Page 40
Further Reading......Page 41
2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum: “Separation by Wavelength”......Page 42
2.2 Radio Regulations......Page 45
2.3 Adoption of UWB in the United States......Page 48
2.4 Summary of First Report and Order......Page 50
2.5 Regulations in Asia: The UFZ in Singapore......Page 53
2.6 Regulation Activities in the European Union (EU)......Page 55
2.7 Summary......Page 56
References......Page 58
Introduction......Page 60
3.1 High Data Rate UWB Standards Activities in IEEE......Page 61
3.1.1 An OFDM Approach to UWB......Page 65
3.1.2 A DS-UWB Approach to UWB......Page 66
3.1.3 A TD/FDMA Approach to UWB......Page 69
3.3 European Standards Efforts......Page 71
References......Page 73
Introduction......Page 76
4.1 UWB Signal Definitions......Page 79
4.2 Approaches to Generating UWB Signals......Page 80
4.2.1 UWB Signal Design......Page 81
4.2.2 Precision Signal Design......Page 83
4.2.3 Calculating Power for Repetitively Sent Pulses......Page 86
4.3.1 Pulse Design Constraints......Page 89
4.3.2 Choosing a Pulse Shape......Page 90
4.4 UWB System Band Plans......Page 93
4.5 Overlaying Precision Pulses......Page 96
4.6 Signal Modulation......Page 98
4.6.1 PPM Modulation......Page 100
4.6.2 M-ary Bi-Orthogonal Keying Modulation......Page 101
4.6.3 Pulse Polarity, BPSK, and QPSK Modulation......Page 102
4.6.4 Pulse Amplitude Modulation......Page 103
4.6.5 Transmitted Reference Modulation......Page 104
References......Page 107
Introduction......Page 110
5.1 Short Pulse Radiation Process......Page 111
5.1.1 The Far-field of an Arbitrary Antenna......Page 113
5.2 The Receiving Antenna......Page 117
5.2.1 The Arbitrarily Shaped Receiving Antenna......Page 118
5.2.2 The Infinitesimal Receiving Antenna......Page 120
5.2.3 Transmission in Free Space Between Constant Gain Antennas......Page 121
5.2.4 Transmission with a Constant Aperture Receiving Antenna......Page 122
5.3.1 Simulations Using Wideband Signals......Page 123
5.3.2 UWB at Moderate Bandwidths......Page 127
5.4 Some Antenna Effects in UWB......Page 128
5.4.1 The TE10 Mode Horn Antenna......Page 129
5.4.2 The Dipole-fed Parabolic Reflector Antenna......Page 130
5.5 Summary......Page 132
References......Page 133
Introduction......Page 136
6.1 Signal Propagation in Free Space......Page 137
6.2 Propagation with a Ground Reflection......Page 138
6.2.1 UWB and Time-harmonic Signals with a Ground Reflection......Page 140
6.2.2 Design Example of a 2-GHz UWB Wide Signal......Page 142
6.2.3 EIRP of the 2-GHz Bandwidth Pulse......Page 145
6.2.4 Propagation of a 2-GHz-Wide UWB Signal Near the Ground......Page 146
6.3 Propagation of UWB Impulses in Multipath......Page 149
6.3.1 An Impulse Propagating through a Building......Page 150
6.3.2 Multipath and Delay Spread......Page 153
6.3.3 UWB Signals Propagating in Multipath......Page 155
6.3.5 The SBY Median Multipath Propagation Model......Page 160
6.3.6 Shadowing Variation and Statistical Link Design......Page 161
6.3.7 Propagation Models and Parameters......Page 162
6.4 Summary......Page 163
References......Page 164
Introduction......Page 168
7.1 Reception of UWB Signals......Page 169
7.2 Noise and Interference......Page 170
7.3 Receiver-detector Efficiency......Page 171
7.4 Efficiency of Simple Templates......Page 175
7.6 Summary......Page 177
References......Page 178
Introduction......Page 180
8.1.1 Noise......Page 181
8.1.2 Shannon’s Capacity Formula......Page 182
8.1.3 Communication Efficiency of Various Modulations......Page 184
8.1.4 Regulatory Limits......Page 186
8.1.5 Antenna Apertures and Propagation......Page 187
8.2.1 Fundamental Limit for UWB......Page 189
8.2.2 Fundamental Limit for Conventional Systems......Page 193
8.3.1 UWB Link Budgets......Page 194
8.3.2 Receiver Sensitivity and System Gain......Page 196
8.3.3 Advantage of UWB in Non-AWGN Channels......Page 197
8.4 Link Capacity......Page 199
8.4.1 A UWB Link in Multipath......Page 200
8.4.2 A Capacity Model for UWB......Page 201
8.4.3 Capacity Model for IEEE 802.11a......Page 203
8.4.4 Capacity Model for IEEE 802.11b......Page 204
8.4.5 Comparing UWB with the 802s......Page 205
8.5 Summary......Page 206
References......Page 207
Introduction......Page 210
9.1 A Time Line of Wireless......Page 211
9.2 UWB Applications......Page 213
9.2.1 Communications and Sensors......Page 214
9.2.2 Position Location and Tracking......Page 218
9.3 UWB Over Wires......Page 220
9.4 Summary......Page 221
References......Page 222
I. Introduction......Page 224
II. Executive Summary......Page 225
FCC 02–48 Appendix D – Changes to the Regulations......Page 228
Subpart F – Ultra-Wideband Operation......Page 230
Appendix B Summary of Multipath Model for IEEE P802.15.3a......Page 246
Channel Characteristics Desired to Model......Page 248
References......Page 251
Pulse Equations and Pulse Energy......Page 252
Energy Density and Antenna Pattern......Page 254
Constant-aperture Receive Antenna......Page 255
References......Page 257
Definitions and Constants......Page 258
Index......Page 262