Toxicological profiles - Toxaphen

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR TOXAPHENE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1.1 WHAT IS TOXAPHENE?......Page 13
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO TOXAPHENE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 14
1.5 HOW CAN TOXAPHENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 15
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO TOXAPHENE?......Page 16
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 17
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 18
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 19
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 21
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 22
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 26
2.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 27
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 28
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 29
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 51
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 53
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 55
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 56
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 57
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 59
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 61
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 62
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 63
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 64
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 68
2.3.3.2 Oral Exposure......Page 69
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 74
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 75
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 79
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 80
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 81
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 94
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Toxaphene......Page 95
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Toxaphene......Page 96
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 97
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 98
2.9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 100
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 102
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Toxaphene......Page 103
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 105
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 112
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 113
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 117
4.3 USE......Page 119
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 120
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 122
5.2.1 Air......Page 125
5.2.2 Water......Page 126
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 127
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 137
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 138
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 139
5.4.1 Air......Page 140
5.4.2 Water......Page 141
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 143
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 145
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 150
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 152
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 154
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 159
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 161
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 165
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs.......Page 178
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 180
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 181
8. REFERENCES......Page 197
Intermediate Exposure......Page 230
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 231
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 232
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 233
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET(S)......Page 235
USER'S GUIDE......Page 239
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 246