Toxicological profiles - Automotive gasoline

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR  AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 7
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 5
PEER REVIEW......Page 6
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 10
LIST OF TABLES......Page 11
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 12
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO GASOLINE?......Page 13
1.5 HOW CAN GASOLINE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 14
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 15
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 16
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 18
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 36
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 37
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 40
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 41
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 42
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 47
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 56
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 57
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 61
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 62
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 63
2.3.5 Mechanisms of Action......Page 64
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 65
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 79
2.5.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Gasoline......Page 80
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 81
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 82
2.8.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 83
2.9.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Gasoline......Page 84
2.9.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 87
2.9.3 On-going Studies......Page 92
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 93
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 100
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 101
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 102
5.2.1 Air......Page 103
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 105
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 107
5.3.2.3 Soil......Page 108
5.4.1 Air......Page 109
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 110
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 113
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 114
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 116
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 117
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 123
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 128
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 129
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 130
8. REFERENCES......Page 136
Immunologic Toxicity......Page 164
q1*......Page 165
Uncertainty Factor......Page 166
User s Guide......Page 167
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......Page 172