The Flavonoids Advances in Research Since 1986

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
 1.1 Introduction......Page 14
 1.2 Analytical procedures......Page 16
 1.3 Chemistry......Page 19
 1.4 Distribution......Page 25
 References......Page 32
 2.2 Nomenclature......Page 36
 2.3 Structure and distribution......Page 38
 2.4 Methods of isolation and purification......Page 59
 2.5 Structural elucidation......Page 60
 2.6 Synthesis and reactions......Page 63
 2.7 Biosynthesis......Page 65
 References......Page 66
 3.1 Natural sources and main taxonomic implications......Page 70
 3.2 Naturally occurring C-glycosylflavonoids......Page 76
 3.3 Identification of C-glycosylflavonoids......Page 97
 3.4 Biological properties......Page 99
 References......Page 100
 4.3 Synthesis......Page 108
 References......Page 127
 5.1 Introduction......Page 130
 5.2 Recent developments in isolation techniques......Page 131
 5.3 lsoflavones......Page 133
 5.4 lsoflavanones......Page 167
 5.5 Rotenoids......Page 172
 5.6 Pterocarpans......Page 179
 5.7 lsoflavans......Page 193
 5.8 Isoflavanols......Page 197
 5.10 3-Arylcoumarins......Page 198
 5.11 Coumestans......Page 202
 5.12 Coumaronochromones......Page 206
 5.15 2-Arylbenzofurans......Page 208
 5.16 lsoflavonoid oligomers......Page 210
 5.18 Biosynthesis......Page 215
 5.19 Microbial transformations of isoflavonoids......Page 219
 References......Page 225
 Appendix A. Checklist of known natural isoflavonoid aglycones......Page 230
 Appendix B. Trivial name index for isoflavonoids......Page 245
 6.2 Spectroscopic identification of neoflavonoids......Page 252
 6.3 4-Arylcoumarins......Page 255
 6.4 Oxidation of 4-phenylcoumarins: formation of quinones......Page 261
 6.5 3,4-Dihydro-4-arylcoumarins......Page 263
 6.7 X-ray crystal structures......Page 266
 6.8 Open-chain neoflavonoids......Page 268
 References......Page 270
 7.1 Introduction......Page 272
 7.2 Flavonoids with hydroxyl and/or methoxyl substitution......Page 273
 7.3 Flavonoids with complex substitution......Page 298
 7.5 Occurrence and localization of flavonoid aglycones......Page 342
 References......Page 343
 8.1 Introduction......Page 350
 8.2 Separation and purification......Page 351
 8.4 Sugars and other conjugates......Page 352
 8.5 New reports of flavone glycosides......Page 357
 8.6 New reports of flavonol glycosides......Page 364
 8.8 Distribution patterns......Page 373
 References......Page 378
 Appendix A. Checklist of known flavone and flavonol glycosides......Page 383
 9.2 Chalcones......Page 400
 9.3 Aurones (including auronols)......Page 412
 9.4 Dihydrochalcones......Page 414
 9.5 Flavanones......Page 419
 9.6 Dihydroflavonols......Page 432
 9.7 Biological activity of selected minor flavonoids......Page 439
 9.8 Chemical synthesis of minor flavonoids......Page 440
 References......Page 446
 10.2 The solvent, DMSO-d6......Page 454
 10.3 Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for structure assignment......Page 455
 10.4 The flavonoid nucleus......Page 459
 10.5 The glycosyl moiety......Page 476
 References......Page 484
 Appendix A. Examples of spectra......Page 486
 11.1 Introduction......Page 512
 11.2 General overview......Page 513
 11.3 Enzyme acronyms......Page 514
 11.4 Pathways to precursors of flavonoid formation......Page 517
 11.5 Major steps of the flavonoid pathway......Page 521
 11.6 Steps to flavonoid modification......Page 527
 11.7 Formation of isoflavones and pterocarpans......Page 539
 References......Page 544
 12.1 Introduction......Page 550
 12.2 General genetics......Page 551
 12.3 Molecular genetics......Page 565
 References......Page 571
 13 .1 Introduction......Page 578
 13.2 Yellow to colourless flavonoids......Page 579
 13.3 Anthocyanins......Page 582
 13.4 Molecular complexes......Page 588
 13.5 Investigations in vivo......Page 598
 References......Page 599
 14.1 Flavonoids in pollination biology......Page 602
 14.2 Flavonoids and insect feeding......Page 611
 14.3 Flavonoids and insect oviposition......Page 621
 14.4 Sequestration of flavonoids by insects......Page 623
 14.5 Flavonoids and insect pest management......Page 626
 References......Page 630
 15.1 Introduction......Page 632
 15.2 Effects of flavonoids on mammalian enzyme systems......Page 633
 15.3 Flavonoid modulation of immune and inflammatory cell functions......Page 637
 15.5 Antitoxic and hepatoprotective effects of flavonoids......Page 648
 15.7 Antiviral effects of flavonoids......Page 649
 15.9 Effects of flavonoids on lipid peroxidation and oxyradical production......Page 651
 15.10 Cancer-related properties of flavonoids......Page 652
 References......Page 658
PLANT SPECIES INDEX......Page 666
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 674