Intumescent Coating and Fire Protection of Steel Structures

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Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction to intumescent coatings
	1.1 Damage of steel structures in fire
	1.2 Types of insulative coatings for protecting steel structures against fire
		1.2.1 Active fire protection and passive fire protection
		1.2.2 Non-intumescent and intumescent types of fire insulation for steel structures
			1.2.2.1 Non-intumescent coatings and boards
			1.2.2.2 Intumescent coatings
	1.3 Application of intumescent coatings for protecting steel structures
		1.3.1 Advantages of intumescent coatings
		1.3.2 Key points of application
			1.3.2.1 Weather resistance
			1.3.2.2 Using topcoats to improve water resistance
			1.3.2.3 Fire protection of connections
			1.3.2.4 Maintenance
		1.3.3 Typical steel structure projects protected with intumescent coatings
			1.3.3.1 Shanghai Tower building
			1.3.3.2 Chengdu Tianfu New International Airport
			1.3.3.3 Semiconductor manufacturing plants
	1.4 Mechanism of intumescent coatings for fire protection of steel structures
	1.5 Main issues of intumescent coatings for protecting steel structures
		1.5.1 Determining the thermal resistance of intumescent coatings
		1.5.2 Behaviour of intumescent coatings under large space fires
		1.5.3 Behaviour of intumescent coatings under localized fires
		1.5.4 Ageing effect of intumescent coatings
		1.5.5 Influence of the topcoats on the fire protection of intumescent coatings
		1.5.6 Temperature prediction of steel substrates protected by intumescent coatings
	References
Chapter 2: Determining the thermal resistance of intumescent coatings
	2.1 Definition and usage of the thermal conductivity of materials
	2.2 Thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings
		2.2.1 Time-dependent thermal conductivity
		2.2.2 Effective thermal conductivity
		2.2.3 Constant effective thermal conductivity
	2.3 Tests for determining the constant effective thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings
		2.3.1 Test specimens
		2.3.2 Test setup
		2.3.3 Test results and discussions
			2.3.3.1 Furnace and steel temperatures
			2.3.3.2 Effective thermal conductivity
			2.3.3.3 Constant effective thermal conductivity
			2.3.3.4 Comparison of constant effective thermal conductivity between various specimens
	2.4 Use of constant effective thermal conductivities for intumescent coatings
	2.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 3: Behaviour of intumescent coatings under large space fires
	3.1 Fire conditions
	3.2 Test preparation
		3.2.1 Test specimens
		3.2.2 Fire protection
		3.2.3 Test setup
	3.3 Experimental measurements and observations of intumescent coating behaviour
	3.4 The three-stage model of thermal conductivity
		3.4.1 Temperature dependent effective thermal conductivity
		3.4.2 Constant effective thermal conductivities
		3.4.3 Inter-fire relationships for three-stage constant effective thermal conductivities
	3.5 Applicability of the three-stage constant effective thermal conductivity model
		3.5.1 Calculation of protected steel temperature with the three-stage thermal model
		3.5.2 Effectiveness of the three-stage thermal conductivity model
	3.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 4: Behaviour of intumescent coatings exposed to localized fires
	4.1 Localized fire and test setup
	4.2 Test specimens
		4.2.1 Steel members
		4.2.2 Thermocouples
		4.2.3 Fire protection
	4.3 Observation of the localized fire
		4.3.1 Flame
		4.3.2 Fire temperature distributions
	4.4 Performance of intumescent coatings
		4.4.1 Reactions of intumescent coatings
		4.4.2 Cracking of intumescent coatings
		4.4.3 Expansion of intumescent coatings
		4.4.4 Temperature-dependent effective thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings
		4.4.5 Validation of three-stage model for the thermal resistance of intumescent coatings under localized fires
	4.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Hydrothermal ageing effects on the insulative properties of intumescent coatings
	5.1 Ageing mechanism of intumescent coatings in a hydrothermal environment
		5.1.1 Test preparation
		5.1.2 FTIR test results
		5.1.3 XPS test results
	5.2 Degradation of intumescent coatings due to ageing in a hydrothermal environment
		5.2.1 Test specimens with intumescent coatings
		5.2.2 Hydrothermal ageing tests
		5.2.3 Fire tests
	5.3 Assessment of insulative properties of aged intumescent coatings
		5.3.1 Effect on the temperature elevation of steel substrates
		5.3.2 Effect on the effective thermal conductivity of coatings
	5.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 6: Influence of topcoats on insulation and the anti-ageing performance of intumescent coatings
	6.1 Effect of topcoats on restraining expansion and the thermal resistance of intumescent coatings
		6.1.1 Specimen preparation
		6.1.2 Fire tests
		6.1.3 Test results
			6.1.3.1 Appearance and expansion of intumescent coatings
			6.1.3.2 Steel temperatures
			6.1.3.3 Constant effective thermal conductivity
	6.2 Effect of topcoats on the ageing of intumescent coatings
		6.2.1 Specimen preparation
		6.2.2 Hydrothermal ageing test
		6.2.3 Fire test
			6.2.3.1 Surface appearance of specimens
			6.2.3.2 Microstructures of intumescent coating chars
			6.2.3.3 Effect on expansion ratios
			6.2.3.4 Effect on the temperature elevations of steel substrates
	6.3 Summary
	References
Chapter 7: Predicting the temperatures of steel substrates with intumescent coatings under non-uniform fire heating conditions
	7.1 Steel temperature calculation method
	7.2 Division of steel members exposed to non-uniform fire heating conditions
		7.2.1 Division of steel members into segments
		7.2.2 Division of a cross-section into plates
	7.3 Gas temperature distribution of localized fires
	7.4 Temperature distributions of steel members exposed to localized fires
		7.4.1 Comparison of steel temperature distributions along member length
		7.4.2 Comparison of steel temperature distributions across member section
		7.4.3 Comparison of steel temperature–time curves
	7.5 Summary
	References
Index