The Biomedical Engineering Handbook

1.1 The Working Fluid: Blood......Page 2
1.2 The Pumping Station: The Heart......Page 5
1.3 The Piping Network: Blood Vessels......Page 7
1.4 Cardiovascular Control......Page 10
References......Page 12
2.1 Endocrine System: Hormones, Signals, and Communication Between Cells and Tissues......Page 15
Hormones Acting at the Cell Surface......Page 18
2.3 Endocrine System: Some Other Aspects of Regulation and Control......Page 20
Negative Feedback......Page 21
References......Page 22
3.1 Definitions......Page 24
3.2 Functions of the Nervous System......Page 26
3.3 Representation of Information in the Nervous System......Page 27
3.4 Lateral Inhibition......Page 29
Pattern Recognition......Page 30
Memory and Learning......Page 32
References......Page 34
The Eyes......Page 36
The Retina......Page 37
Superior Colliculus......Page 38
Area V1......Page 39
Higher Cortical Centers......Page 42
References......Page 43
Further Reading......Page 44
Acoustics......Page 46
The External Ear......Page 47
The Inner Ear......Page 48
The Basilar Membrane......Page 49
Outer Hair Cells......Page 50
Physiology......Page 51
Neural Basis of Processing......Page 52
Inferior Colliculi (IC)......Page 55
Auditory Thalamocortical System......Page 56
5.5 Models of Auditory Function......Page 57
References......Page 58
6.2Gastrointestinal Electrical Oscillations......Page 60
Minute Rhythms......Page 62
Terminology......Page 64
Gastric ECA......Page 65
Small Intestinal ECA......Page 66
Anatomical Features......Page 67
6.7Epilogue......Page 68
References......Page 69
Conducting Airways......Page 74
Alveoli......Page 75
Pulmonary Circulation......Page 77
7.2 Lung Volumes and Gas Exchange......Page 78
7.3 Perfusion of the Lung......Page 80
7.4 Gas Partial Pressure......Page 81
7.5 Pulmonary Mechanics......Page 83
7.6 Respiratory Control......Page 84
7.7 The Pulmonary Function Laboratory......Page 85
Spirometry......Page 86
Diffusing Capacity......Page 88
Defining Terms......Page 89
Additional References......Page 90
Basic Electrophysiology......Page 0
8.1 Membranes......Page 93
Membrane Currents......Page 94
Conduction Along an Intracellular Path......Page 95
Duality......Page 96
Polarized State......Page 97
Cardiac Action Potentials......Page 98
8.5 Initiation of Action Potentials......Page 99
Numerical Model......Page 100
Sequence of Action Potentials......Page 101
Transmembrane Current......Page 102
Movement of the Local Current Loop......Page 103
8.7 Extracellular Waveforms......Page 104
Spatial Relation to Intracellular......Page 105
8.8 Stimulation......Page 106
Defining Terms......Page 108
References......Page 109
9.1 Basic Relations in the Idealized Homogeneous Volume Conductor......Page 111
9.2 Monopole and Dipole Fields in the Uniform Volume of Infinite Extent......Page 113
9.3 Volume Conductor Properties of Passive Tissue......Page 114
9.4 Effects of Volume Conductor Inhomogeneities: Secondary Sources and Images......Page 115
References......Page 117
10.1Introduction......Page 120
10.2Cell Suspensions......Page 121
10.3Fiber Suspensions......Page 123
10.4Syncytia......Page 128
Defining Terms......Page 130
Further Information......Page 131
Membrane Models......Page 133
11.1 The Action Potential......Page 134
11.2 Patch Clamp Data......Page 135
Hodgkin–Huxley Resistor Battery Model......Page 137
Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz Constant Field Formulation......Page 138
Eyring Rate Theory Models of Ionic Currents......Page 139
Synapses......Page 140
11.4 Nerve Cells......Page 141
Sensory Neurons......Page 143
Efferent Neurons......Page 144
11.5 Skeletal Muscle Cells......Page 145
11.6 Endocrine Cells......Page 146
11.7 Cardiac Cells......Page 147
11.11Simplified Models......Page 148
Defining Terms......Page 149
References......Page 150
Further Information......Page 154
Numerical Methods for Bioelectric Field Problems......Page 157
12.1 Problem Formulation......Page 158
12.2 Model Construction and Mesh Generation......Page 159
12.3 Numerical Methods......Page 160
Approximation Techniques: The Galerkin Method......Page 161
The Finite-Difference Method......Page 162
The Finite-Element Method......Page 163
Application of the FE Method for 3D Domains......Page 164
Solution Methods and Computational Considerations......Page 168
Comparison of Methods......Page 169
12.4 Adaptive Methods......Page 170
Energy Norms......Page 171
Acknowledgments......Page 172
References......Page 173
Principles of Electromyography......Page 178
14.1 The Structure and Function of Muscle......Page 179
14.2 The Origin of Electromyograms......Page 180
Concentric Electrode EMG......Page 183
Single-Fiber EMG......Page 185
Defining Terms......Page 186
Further Information......Page 187
15.1 Historical Perspective......Page 189
15.2 EEG Recording Techniques......Page 190
15.3 Use of Amplitude Histographs to Quantify the EEG......Page 192
Skewness......Page 193
Kurtosis......Page 194
15.4 Frequency Analysis of the EEG......Page 195
15.5 Nonlinear Analysis of the EEG......Page 196
Defining Terms......Page 199
Further Information......Page 200
Origin of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Signals......Page 202
Independence of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Signals......Page 203
Lead Vector......Page 204
Lead Field......Page 205
Selection of the Source Model for MCG......Page 207
Detection of the Equivalent Magnetic Dipole of the Heart......Page 209
Diagnostic Performance of ECG and MCG......Page 210
Sensitivity Distribution of the Axial Magnetometer......Page 213
Half-Sensitivity Volumes of Electro- and Magnetoencephalography Leads......Page 214
Sensitivity of EEG and MEG to Radial and Tangential Sources......Page 216
References......Page 217
17.1 Electric Stimulation of Neural Tissue......Page 219
17.2 Physiology of Excitation......Page 220
Quasi-Static Formulation......Page 221
Equivalence Between Dielectric and Conductive Media......Page 222
Potential from a Monopole Source......Page 223
Potential From Bipolar Electrodes and Dipoles......Page 224
Inhomogeneous Volume Conductors......Page 225
17.4 Electric Field Interactions with Excitable Tissue......Page 226
Discrete Cable Equation for Myelinated Axons......Page 228
Equivalent Cable Equation for Myelinated Fibers......Page 230
Activating Function......Page 231
Current-Distance Relationship......Page 232
Anodal Surround Block......Page 233
Charge Duration Curve......Page 234
Electrochemistry of Stimulation......Page 235
Corrosion......Page 236
Tissue Damage......Page 237
References......Page 238
Further Information......Page 240
18.1 Structure of Bone......Page 242
18.2 Composition of Bone......Page 243
18.3 Elastic Properties......Page 245
18.5 Modeling Elastic Behavior......Page 251
18.6 Viscoelastic Properties......Page 252
18.7 Related Research......Page 255
Defining Terms......Page 256
References......Page 257
Further Information......Page 258
Reuss Orthotropic......Page 260
Incompressibility of the Vessel Wall......Page 262
19.2 Vascular Anatomy......Page 263
19.3 Axisymmetric Deformation......Page 264
19.5 Equilibrium......Page 266
19.6 Strain Energy Density Functions......Page 268
Isotropic Blood Vessels......Page 269
Anisotropic Blood Vessels......Page 271
References......Page 274
Joint-Articulating Surface Motion......Page 276
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 277
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 278
Joint Contact......Page 279
20.3 Hip......Page 281
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 282
Joint Contact......Page 284
Axes of Rotation......Page 286
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 287
Joint Contact......Page 292
Axes of Rotation......Page 293
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 295
Joint Contact......Page 296
Axes of Rotation......Page 297
20.6 Wrist......Page 298
Joint Contact......Page 299
Axes of Rotation......Page 301
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 302
Axes of Rotation......Page 304
20.8 Summary......Page 307
References......Page 309
Basics of Blood Gas Instrumentation......Page 315
A.1 pH and PCO2 Electrochemical Sensors......Page 316
A.2 PO2 Electrochemical Sensors of Dissolved Oxygen......Page 318
A.4 General Aspects of a Measuring Device......Page 319
A.5 Factors that Influence the Measurements......Page 321
A.6 New Generations of pH and Blood Gas Sensors......Page 322
A.7 Continuous Monitoring of Blood Gases......Page 323
A.8 Optical Sensors in Blood Gas Analyzers......Page 324
References......Page 325
The Role of Professional Societies in Biomedical E.........Page 327
American Institute for Medical and Biological Engi.........Page 328
IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (.........Page 329
French Groups for Medical and Biological Engineeri.........Page 330
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)......Page 331
Bioengineering in Latin America......Page 332
References......Page 333