Textbook on Applied Chemistry

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
1. Quantum Theory and Its Postulates
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Black-body Radiation
		1.2.1 the Photoelectric Effect
	1.3 Wave-particle Duality of Light
	1.4 the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
	1.5 Origin of Quantum Mechanics
	1.6 the Schrödinger Equation
		1.6.1 Salient Features of the Schrödinger Equation
		1.6.2 Validation of De Broglie Relation Using the Schrödinger Equation
		1.6.3 the Born Interpretation of the Wave Function
		1.6.4 Wave Function Must Be Acceptable
	1.7 Use of Operators in Quantum Mechanics
	1.8 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics
	1.9 Particle in a One-dimensional Box
	1.10 Selection Rule for Pure Rotational Spectra Δj = ±1
	1.11 Selection Rule for Pure Vibrational Spectra Δν = ±1
	1.12 Review Questions
		1.12.1 Solved Problems
2. UV Spectroscopy
	2.1 Absorption of Different Electromagnetic Radiations by Organic Molecules
	2.2 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
		2.2.1 Types of Electron Transitions
	2.3 Principles of Absorption Spectroscopy: Beer’s and Lambert’s Law
		2.3.1 Limitations
	2.4 Some Important Terms and Definitions
	2.5 Applications of Electronic Spectroscopy in Predictingabsorption Maxima of Organic Molecules
	2.6 Absorption by Compounds with C=O Bonds
	2.7 Aromatic Compounds
	2.8 Review Questions
		2.8.1 Solved Problems
		2.8.2 Short Answer Questions
3. Rotational Spectroscopy
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Energy of a Diatomic Molecule as a Rigid Rotor
	3.3 Intensities of Spectral Lines in Rotational Spectrum
	3.4 Effect of Isotopic Substitution
	3.5 Effect of Centrifugal Distortion
	3.6 Polyatomic Molecules
		3.6.1 Linear Molecules
		3.6.2 Symmetric Top Molecule
		3.6.3 Asymmetric Top Molecule
	3.7 Stark Effect
	3.8 Applications of Microwave Spectroscopy
	3.9 Review Questions
		3.9.1 Solved Problems
4. Vibrational Spectroscopy
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Energy of a Vibrating Diatomic Molecule
	4.3 Simple Harmonic Oscillator
	4.4 Energy of Vibrating Rotor
	4.5 Failure of Born-oppenheimer Approximation
	4.6 Vibrations of Polyatomic Molecules
		4.6.1 Fundamental Vibrations
		4.6.2 Linear Molecules
		4.6.3 Polyatomic (symmetric Top) Molecules
	4.7 Applications of Infrared Spectra
	4.8 Review Questions
		4.8.1 Solved Problems
5. Phase Rule
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Phase Rule
	5.3 Meaning of Terms Used
	5.4 Phase Table
	5.5 Other Examples of Phase
	5.6 Component (C)
		5.6.1 Example with Explanation
	5.7 Degree of Freedom on Variance (F)
	5.8 Components Approach to the Phase Rule (derivation of Phase Rule)
	5.9 Phase Diagram
	5.10 One Component System
		5.10.1 General Characteristics of One Component System
	5.11 Water System
		5.11.1 Phase Diagram of Water
	5.12 Metastable System
	5.13 Sulphur System
		5.13.1 Polymorphs/allotropes of Sulphur
		5.13.2 Phase Diagram of Sulphur
	5.14 Phase Rule: Study of Two-component Systems
	5.15 Simple Eutectic Systems
	5.16 Bismuth–cadmium System (Bi–Cd)
	5.17 Review Questions
		5.17.1 Multiple-choice Questions
		5.17.2 Solved Problems
6. Basics of Organometallic Compounds
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Nomenclature of Organometallic Compounds of the Transition Elements
	6.3 Naming of Organic Ligands
		6.3.1 Naming of Organic Ligands with One Metal-carbon Single Bond
		6.3.2 Naming of Ligands with Several Metal-carbon Singlebonds from One Ligand
		6.3.3 Naming of Ligands with Metal-carbon Multiple Bonds
	6.4 Use of Notation Kappa (κ), Eta (η) and Mu (µ)
		6.4.1 Kappa (κ) Notation
		6.4.2 Eta (η) Notation
		6.4.3 Mu (µ) Notation
	6.5 Nomenclature of Metallocene
	6.6 Nomenclature of Organometallic Compounds of the Main Group Elements
		6.6.1 Organometallic Compounds of Groups 1 and 2
		6.6.2 Organometallic Compounds of Groups 12–16
	6.7 Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule or 18-electron Rule
		6.7.1 Electron Counts for Common Ligands
		6.7.2 Determination of Oxidation State
		6.7.3 EAN Rule (18e Count) for Organometallic Complexes
	6.8 Counting of Electrons in Organometallic Clusters
	6.9 Catalysis Using Organometallic Compounds
		6.9.1 Hydroformylation
		6.9.2 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
		6.9.3 Alkene Isomerization
	6.10 General Characteristics
	6.11 Characteristics of Lanthanoids
	6.12 Applications of Some Important Organometallic Compounds as Catalyst
		6.12.1 Grignard’s Reagent
		6.12.2 Ziegler–natta Catalyst
		6.12.3 Olefin Metathesis
		6.12.4 Palladium Catalyst
	6.13 Review Questions
		6.13.1 Solved Problems
7. Fuel
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Classification of Fuel
	7.2 Characteristics of Good Fuel
		7.2.1 High Calorific Value
		7.2.2 Moderate Ignition Temperature
	7.3 Determination of Calorific Value Using Bomb Calorimeter
		7.3.1 Solid Fuels and Their Characteristics
	7.4 Ash
	7.5 Moisture
	7.6 Characteristics of Flame
		7.6.1 Combustion Characteristics
	7.7 Coals and Their Characteristics
		7.7.1 Analysis of Coal
	7.8 Ultimate Analysis of Coal
	7.9 Manufactured Solid Fuels and Their Characteristics
	7.10 Charcoal and Its Characteristics
	7.11 Coke and Its Characteristics
	7.12 Briquettes and Their Characteristics
	7.13 Bagasse and Its Characteristics
	7.14 Liquid Fuel
	7.15 Petroleum and Its Characteristics
		7.15.1 Classification of Petroleum
	7.16 Paraffinic Base Type Crude Petroleum
	7.17 Asphalitc Base Type Crude Petroleum
	7.18 Petroleum Formation
		7.18.1 Properties of Petroleum
	7.19 Petroleum Utilization
	7.20 Petroleum Refining
	7.21 Petroleum Products
	7.22 Manufactured Liquid Fuels and Their Characteristics
	7.23 Gasoline or Petrol and Its Characteristics
	7.24 Diesel Fuel and Its Characteristics
	7.25 Kerosene Oil and Its Characteristics
	7.26 Heavy Oil and Its Characteristics
	7.27 Cracking
	7.28 Thermal Cracking
		7.28.1 Mechanism of Thermal Cracking
	7.29 Reforming of Petrol
		7.29.1 Reforming Reactions
	7.30 Mechanism of Knocking
	7.31 Adverse Effects of Gasoline Knock
	7.32 Knocking in Ic Engines Can Be Minimized Through the Following Measures
	7.33 Octane Number
	7.34 Anti-knocking Agents
	7.35 Unleaded Petrol
		7.35.1 Advantages of Unleaded Petrol
	7.36 Catalytic Converter Contains Rhodium Catalyst
	7.37 Cetane Number
	7.38 Synthetic Petrol
	7.39 Bergius Process
	7.40 Power Alcohol
	7.41 Gaseous Fuels
	7.42 Water Gas
	7.43 Producer Gas
		7.43.1 Manufacture
	7.44 Reactions That Take Place in Different Zones of the Fuel Bed
	7.45 Manufactured Gases and Their Characteristics
		7.45.1 Coal Gas and Its Characteristics
		7.45.2 Blast Furnace Gas and Its Characteristics
		7.45.3 Oil Gas and Its Characteristics
		7.45.4 Kerosene Oil and Its Characteristics
	7.46 CNG (compressed Natural Gas)
	7.47 Composition and Calculation
		7.47.1 Calculation of Air Required for Combustion
	7.48 Review Questions
		7.48.1 Solved Problems
		7.48.2 Short Answer Questions
8. Corrosion
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Definitions
	8.2 Chemical or Dry Corrosion
	8.3 Oxidation Corrosion
	8.4 Mechanism
	8.5 Nature of the Oxide Film Formed on the Surface
	8.6 Pilling Bedworth Rule
	8.7 Rate of Diffusion of Metal Ion and Oxide Ion Through the Layer Formed
	8.8 Wet or Electrochemical Corrosion
	8.9 Electrochemical Theory of Corrosion
		8.9.1 Mechanism of Electrochemical Corrosion
	8.10 Types of Electrochemical Corrosion
	8.11 Concentration Cell Corrosion (differential Aeration Corrosion)
		8.11.1 Important Characteristic About Differential Aeration Corrosion
	8.12 Water-line Corrosion
		8.12.1 Prevention
	8.13 Pitting Corrosion
		8.13.1 Pitting Corrosion May Be Caused by
	8.14 Stress Corrosion
		8.14.1 Favourable Conditions for Stress Corrosion
	8.15 Causes and Methods of Prevention of Caustic Embrittlement
		8.15.1 Prevention of Caustic Embrittlement
	8.16 Galvanic Series
	8.17 Factors Influencing Corrosion
		8.17.1 Nature of the Metal
	8.18 Protection from Corrosion (preventive Measures for Corrosion Control)
	8.19 Method of Application of Metal Coatings
	8.20 Paints
		8.20.1 Constituents of Paints and Their Function
	8.21 Use of Inhibitors
	8.22 Review Questions
		8.22.1 Multiple-choice Questions
		8.22.2 Short Answer Questions
Index