Surveying, 6th Edition

Cover Page
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction
	1.1 Surveying
	1.2 Geomatics
	1.3 Famous Surveyors
	1.4 Early History of Surveying
	1.5 Plane Surveys
	1.6 Geodetic Surveys
	1.7 Types of Surveys
	1.8 Modern Surveying Equipment
	1.9 Use of Old Surveying Equipment
	1.10 Maintenance of Equipment
	1.11 Importance of Surveying
	1.12 Safety
	1.13 Liability Insurance
	1.14 Opportunities in Surveying
	Problems
Chapter 2. Introduction to Measurements
	2.1 Measurement
	2.2 Necessity for Accurate Surveys
	2.3 Accuracy and Precision
	2.4 Errors and Mistakes
	2.5 Sources of Errors
	2.6 Systematic and Accidental or Random Errors
	2.7 Discussion of Accidental or Random Errors
	2.8 Occurrence of Accidental or Random Errors
	2.9 Probability Curve
	2.10 Propagation of Accidental or Random Errors
	2.11 Significant Figures
	2.12 Field Notes
	2.13 Electronically Recorded Notes
	2.14 Office Work and Digital Computers
	2.15 Planning
	Problems
Chapter 3. Distance Measurement
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Pacing
	3.3 Odometers and Measuring Wheels
	3.4 Tachymetry
	3.5 Taping or Chaining
	3.6 Electronic Distance Measurements
	3.7 Global Positioning System
	3.8 Summary of Measurement Methods
	3.9 Equipment Required for Taping
	3.10 Taping Over Level Ground
	3.11 Taping Along Sloping Ground or Over Underbrush
	3.12 Review of Some Trigonometry
	Problems
Chapter 4. Distance Corrections
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Types of Corrections
	4.3 Incorrect Tape Length or Standardization Error
	4.4 Temperature Variations
	4.5 Slope Corrections
	4.6 Sag and Tension Corrections
	4.7 Combined Taping Corrections
	4.8 Common Mistakes Made in Taping
	4.9 Errors in Taping
	4.10 Magnitude of Errors
	4.11 Suggestions For Good Taping
	4.12 Taping Precision
	Problems
Chapter 5. Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs)
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Basic Terms
	5.3 Types of EDMs
	5.4 Phase Shift EDMs
	5.5 Timed-Pulse EDMs
	5.6 Setting Up, Leveling, and Centering EDMs
	5.7 Necessary Steps for Measuring Distances with EDMs
	5.8 Errors in EDM Measurements
	5.9 Calibration of EDM Equipment
	5.10 Accuracies of EDMs
	5.11 Computation of Horizontal Distances from Slope Distances
	5.12 Training of Personnel
	5.13 Summary Comments on EDMs
	Problems
Chapter 6. Introduction to Leveling
	6.1 Importance of Leveling
	6.2 Basic Definitions
	6.3 Reference Elevations or Datums
	6.4 First-, Second-, and Third-Order Surveys
	6.5 Methods of Leveling
	6.6 The Level
	6.7 Types of Levels
	6.8 Level Rods
	6.9 Setting Up the Level
	6.10 Sensitivity of Bubble Tubes
	6.11 Care of Equipment
	Problems
Chapter 7. Differential Leveling
	7.1 Theory of Spirit Leveling
	7.2 Definitions
	7.3 Differential Leveling Described
	7.4 Earth’s Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction
	7.5 Verniers
	7.6 Level Rod Targets
	7.7 Common Leveling Mistakes
	7.8 Leveling Errors
	7.9 Suggestions for Good Leveling
	7.10 Comments on Telescope Readings
	7.11 Precision of Differential Leveling
	7.12 Hand Signals
	Problems
Chapter 8. Leveling, Continued
	8.1 Adjustments of Level Circuits
	8.2 Precise Leveling
	8.3 Profile Leveling
	8.4 Profiles
	8.5 Cross Sections
	8.6 Nonclosed Leveling Routes
	Problems
Chapter 9. Angles and Directions
	9.1 Meridians
	9.2 Units for Measuring Angles
	9.3 Azimuths
	9.4 Bearings
	9.5 The Compass
	9.6 Variations in Magnetic Declination
	9.7 Direction Arrow Convention
	9.8 Local Attraction
	9.9 Reading Bearings With a Compass
	9.10 Detecting Local Attraction
	9.11 Traverse Angle Definitions
	9.12 Traverse Computations
	9.13 Magnetic Declination Problems
	Problems
Chapter 10. Measuring Angles and Directions with Total Stations
	10.1 Transits and Theodolites
	10.2 Introduction to Total Stations
	10.3 Types of Total Stations
	10.4 Disadvantages of Total Stations
	10.5 Advantages of Total Stations
	10.6 Parts of Total Stations
	10.7 Surveying With Total Stations
	10.8 Setting Up the Total Station
	10.9 Sighting the Instrument
	10.10 Measuring Horizontal Angles
	10.11 Closing the Horizon
	10.12 Measuring Angles by Repetition
	10.13 Direction Method for Measuring Horizontal Angles
	10.14 Measuring Zenith Angles
	10.15 Use of Data Collectors With Total Stations
	10.16 Care of Instruments
	Problems
Chapter 11. Miscellaneous Angle Discussion
	11.1 Common Errors in Angle Measurement
	11.2 Common Mistakes in Measuring Angles
	11.3 Angle-Distance Relationships
	11.4 Traversing
	11.5 Older Methods of Traversing
	11.6 Modern Traversing With Total Stations
	11.7 Intersection of Two Lines
	11.8 Measuring an Angle Where the Instrument Cannot Be Set Up
	11.9 Prolonging a Straight Line by Double Centering
	11.10 Establishing Points on a Straight Line Between Two Given Points
	11.11 Cleaning Surveying Equipment
	Problems
Chapter 12. Traverse Adjustment and Area Computation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Computations
	12.3 Methods of Calculating Areas
	12.4 Traverse Adjustment Overview
	12.5 Balancing Angles
	12.6 Latitudes and Departures
	12.7 Error of Closure
	12.8 Balancing Latitudes and Departures
	12.9 Double Meridian Distances
	12.10 Double Parallel Distances
	12.11 Rectangular Coordinates
	12.12 Areas Computed by Coordinates
	12.13 Alternative Coordinate Method
	12.14 Areas Within Irregular Boundaries
	Problems
Chapter 13. Computer Calculations and Omitted Measurements
	13.1 Computers
	13.2 Programs
	13.3 Application of the Computer Program Survey
	13.4 Computer Example
	13.5 A Potential Warning: Danger in Computer Use
	13.6 Omitted Measurements
	13.7 Length and Bearing of One Side Missing
	13.8 Using Survey to Determine the Length and Bearing of a Missing Side
	13.9 Example Radiation Problem
	13.10 Computer Solution for Radiation Problem
	13.11 Resection
	Problems
Chapter 14. Topographic Surveying
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Contours
	14.3 Plotting of Topographic Maps
	14.4 Summary of Contour Characteristics
	14.5 Map Symbols
	14.6 Completing the Map
	14.7 Specifications for Topographic Maps
	14.8 Methods of Obtaining Topography
	14.9 Transit-Stadia Method of Mapping
	14.10 Plane Table Surveys
	14.11 Topographic Details Obtained With Total Stations
	14.12 Selection of Points for Topographic Mapping
	14.13 Profiles From Contour Maps
	14.14 Checklist of Items To Be Included on a Topographic Map
	Problems
Chapter 15. The Global Positioning System (GPS)
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Monitoring Stations
	15.3 Global Navigation Satellite System
	15.4 Uses of GPS
	15.5 Basic Theory
	15.6 How Can the Travel Time of a Satellite Signal Be Measured?
	15.7 Clock Bias
	15.8 GPS Errors
	15.9 Minimizing Errors Through Differential Correction
	15.10 Receivers
	15.11 HARN
	15.12 CORS
	15.13 OPUS
	15.14 WAAS
	15.15 GPS Signals
	Problems
Chapter 16. GPS Field Applications
	16.1 Geoid and Ellipsoid
	16.2 Field Applications
	16.3 Static GPS Surveys
	16.4 Kinematic GPS
	16.5 Real-Time Kinematic Surveying
	16.6 Virtual Reference Station
	16.7 Dilution of Precision (DOP)
	16.8 Planning
	16.9 Example Problem
	16.10 Network Adjustment
	16.11 Carrier Phase GPS
	Problems
Chapter 17. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 What? A Definition of Geographic Information Systems
	17.3 Who and Where?
	17.4 Why GIS?
	17.5 When? The Evolution of GIS
	17.6 Thematic Layering
	17.7 Levels of Use of a GIS
	17.8 Uses of Geographic Information Systems
	17.9 Objectives of a GIS
	17.10 Applications of a GIS
	17.11 GIS on the World Wide Web
	17.12 Accuracy in a GIS
	17.13 Control Surveying
	17.14 Legal Concerns With GIS
	Problems
Chapter 18. GIS, Continued
	18.1 Essential Elements of a GIS
	18.2 Selected Data about Geographic Locations
	18.3 GIS Software
	18.4 GIS Hardware
	18.5 Sources of GIS Data
	18.6 Putting Data into the Computer
	18.7 Preprocessing Existing Data
	18.8 Data Management and Retrieval
	18.9 Manipulation and Analysis
	18.10 Display and Product Generation
	18.11 Coordinates and Map Projections
	18.12 Raster GIS
	18.13 Conclusion to GIS Discussion
	Problems
Chapter 19. Construction Surveying
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Work of the Construction Surveyor
	19.3 Trade Unions
	19.4 Property Survey from the Contractor’s Viewpoint
	19.5 Preliminary Surveys
	19.6 Grade Stakes
	19.7 Referencing Points for Construction
	19.8 Building Layout
	19.9 Base Lines (Layout Performed By Surveyors)
	19.10 Radial Staking Methods
	19.11 Batter Boards
	19.12 Building Layout: Contractor Method
	19.13 As-Built Surveys
	Problems
Chapter 20. Volumes
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Slopes and Slope Stakes
	20.3 Borrow Pits
	20.4 Cross Sections
	20.5 Areas of Cross Sections
	20.6 Computation of Earthwork Volumes
	20.7 Mass Diagram
	20.8 Accounting for Shrinkage and Swell
	20.9 Volumes from Contour Maps
	20.10 Volume Formulas for Geometric Shapes
	Problems
Chapter 21. Land Surveying or Property Surveying
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Title Transfer and Land Records
	21.3 Common Law
	21.4 Surveying Monuments
	21.5 Practice of Blazing Trees
	21.6 The Land Surveyor: A Specialist
	21.7 Monuments, Bearings, Distances, and Areas
	21.8 Miscellaneous Terms Relating to Land Surveying
	21.9 Resurveys
	21.10 Metes and Bounds
	21.11 The U.S. Public Lands Survey System
	21.12 Early Days of the System
	21.13 Outline of the System
	21.14 Meander Lines
	21.15 Witness Corners
	21.16 Deed Descriptions of Land
	Problems
Chapter 22. Horizontal Curves
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Degree of Curvature and Radius of Curvature
	22.3 Curve Equations
	22.4 Deflection Angles
	22.5 Selection and Staking Out of Curves
	22.6 Computer Example
	22.7 Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves
	22.8 Circular Curves Using the SI System
	22.9 Horizontal Curves Passing Through Certain Points
	22.10 Spiral Curves
	Problems
Chapter 23. Vertical Curves
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Vertical Curve Calculations
	23.3 Miscellaneous Items Relating to Vertical Curves
	23.4 Unequal-Tangent Vertical Curves
	23.5 Vertical Curve Passing Through a Specified Point
	23.6 Parabolic Curve Equation
	23.7 Computer Example
	23.8 Roadway Crowns
	23.9 Roadway Superelevation
	Problems
Chapter 24. Surveying—The Profession
	24.1 Surveying Licenses
	24.2 Registration Requirements
	24.3 Penalties for Practicing Surveying Without a License
	24.4 Reasons for Becoming Registered
	24.5 A Profession
	24.6 Code of Ethics
	24.7 To be Classed as a Professional
	24.8 Conclusion
	Problems
Appendix A. Some Useful Addresses
Appendix B. Baccalaureate Degree Programs in Surveying
Appendix C. Some Useful Formulas
Glossary
Index