Ring Current Investigations: The Quest for Space Weather Prediction

Cover
Ring Current
Investigations:
The Quest for Space
Weather Prediction
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 - Introduction and historical background
	1.1 - Historical overview
	1.2 - Relation to solar wind drivers
	1.3 - Space weather effects
	1.4 - Book content
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 2 - Observations and measurement techniques
	2.1 - Early ring-current measurements
		2.1.1 - Ring current energy density
		2.1.2 - Ring current ion spectra
	2.2 - Ring current composition and the source of the ring current
		2.2.1 - Low-energy measurements
		2.2.2 - The “bulk” of the ring current
			2.2.2.1 - Storm-time energy density
			2.2.2.2 - The role of the solar wind source
			2.2.2.3 - Signatures of transport/loss in Ion spectra
			2.2.2.4 - Statistical models, including quiet time observations
	2.3 - Imaging the ring current
	2.4 - Multispacecraft measurements and recent results
		2.4.1 - The Cluster mission
		2.4.2 - Van Allen Probes and Arase
			2.4.2.1 - Ring current development
			2.4.2.2 - Low L-shell heavy ion features
			2.4.2.3 - Statistical studies of the ring current
	2.5 - Summary
	References
Chapter 3 -Theoretical description
	3.1 - Motivation
	3.2 - Single particle motion in electromagnetic fields
		3.2.1 - Maxwell’s equations
		3.2.2 - The Lorentz force
		3.2.3 - Particle motion in a uniform magnetic field
		3.2.4 - Particle motion in nonuniform magnetic field
		3.2.5 - Magnetic mirroring
		3.2.6 - Gradient-curvature drift
	3.3 - Adiabatic invariants
	3.4 - Statistical description: elements of kinetic theory
		3.4.1 - The Boltzmann equation
		3.4.2 - Macroscopic variables as moments of the distribution function
	3.5 - Motion in a nonuniform magnetic field
	3.6 - Bounce averaged drifts
		3.6.1 - Bounce-averaged particle drifts
		3.6.2 - Bounce-averaged drifts in arbitrary magnetic fields
		3.6.3 - Magnetospheric electric field
	3.7 - Losses
		3.7.1 - Charge exchange
		3.7.2 - The role of charge exchange in the loss of ring current ions
		3.7.3 - Coulomb collisions
		3.7.4 - Scattering via wave particle interactions
			3.7.4.1 - Minimum resonant energy
		3.7.5 - Wave properties in hot plasma
			3.7.5.1 - Quasi-linear diffusion coefficients
		3.7.6 - Convective loss
	3.8 - Conclusions
	Appendix A. Equatorial gyro-frequency
	Appendix B. Equatorial gyro-radius
	Appendix C. Bounce period
	References
Chapter 4 - Modeling techniques
	Abstract
	Keywords
	4.1 - Introduction
	4.2 - Empirical models
		4.2.1 - Low-dimensional models
		4.2.2 - Ion and electron flux models
		4.2.3 - Electric field models
		4.2.4 - Magnetic field models
			4.2.4.1 - The internal magnetic field
			4.2.4.2 - Modeling the external magnetic field
	4.3 - Theoretical models
		4.3.1 - Introduction
		4.3.2 - The Rice Convection Model
		4.3.3 - The MSM and MSFM
		4.3.4 - The RCM-Equilibrium (RCM-E)
		4.3.5 - RCM-Jupiter/Saturn
		4.3.6 - Fontaine, Senior, Blanc, and Peymirat convection model
		4.3.7 - The Chen ring current model
		4.3.8 - The Fok ring current and the comprehensive ring current model (CRCM) models
		4.3.9 - The ring current-atmosphere interactions model (RAM)
		4.3.10 - The ring current-atmosphere interactions model with self-consistent magnetic field (RAM-SCB)
		4.3.11 - HEIDI
		4.3.12 - GEMSIS
		4.3.13 - Coupled global MHD models
		4.3.14 - Data assimilation models
		4.3.15 - Particle tracing algorithms
	4.4 - Discussion and summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5 - Ring current development
	5.1 - Introduction
	5.2 - Ring current sources
		5.2.1 - Plasma sheet
		5.2.2 - Direct ionosphere to ring current plasma transfer?
	5.3 - Ring current particle transport: convective and diffusive
	5.4 - Effect of plasma sheet variations on ring current intensity
	5.5 - Effects of magnetic self-consistency
	5.6 - Model-data comparisons of ring current development
	5.7 - Challenges for future understanding of ring current development
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6 - Ring current decay
	6.1 - Introduction
	6.2 - Charge exchange
	6.3 - Coulomb collisions
	6.4 - Precipitation losses
		6.4.1 - Observations of particle precipitation
		6.4.2 - Wave-particle interactions
		6.4.3 - Field line curvature scattering
		6.4.4 - Other mechanisms
	6.5 - Magnetopause losses
	6.6 - Discussion and conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 7 - Cross-regional coupling
	7.1 - Roles of ring current in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling
	7.2 - Magnetic effects of the ring current
	7.3 - Ring current velocity anisotropy and plasma wave growths
	7.4 - Electric coupling between the ring current and ionosphere
	7.5 - Ring current moderation with the ionospheric conductivity
	7.6 - Final remark
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 8 - Space weather effects and prediction
	8.1 - Effects of space weather
	8.2 - Spacecraft charging and electrostatic discharges
		8.2.1 - Surface charging
		8.2.2 - Worst-case charging environments and spacecraft design
		8.2.3 - Frame charging and differential charging
		8.2.4 - Internal charging
		8.2.5 - Internal charging models
		8.2.6 - Space environment models and charging analyses
	8.3 - Geomagnetically induced currents
	8.4 - Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9 - Comparative planetary ring currents
	9.1 - Comparing planetary magnetospheres
		9.1.1 - Solar wind versus rotation
		9.1.2 - Neutral materials
			9.1.2.1 - Satellites
			9.1.2.2 - Gas, dust, and plasmas from satellites
			9.1.2.3 - Calculating losses from passive satellites
	9.2 - How does a rotationally driven magnetosphere operate?
	9.3 - Comparing ring current populations
		9.3.1 - Kennel-Petschek theory
		9.3.2 - Limiting spectra at the target planets
	9.4 - Ring current population dynamics and sources
	9.5 - Ring current population losses
	9.6 - Uranus (and Neptune)
	9.7 - Discussion
	9.8 - Appendix
	References
APPENDIX
1 Frequently Used Abbreviations
APPENDIX
2 Useful Websites and Download Links
APPENDIX
3 Illustrative Movies and Other Materials
Index
Back Cover