Polymer Science And Technology: Plastics, Rubber, Blends And Composites

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Contents
Chapter  1: Basic Concepts of High Polymer Systems
	1.1 Introduction and Historical Background
	1.2 Macromolecular Concept
	1.3 Structural Features of a Polymer
	1.4 Length to Diameter Ratio
	1.5 Classification of Polymers
	1.6 Structure–Property Relationship
	References
Chapter 2: Condensation Polymerization or Step-Growth Polymerization
	2.1 Functionality Principle
	2.2 Types of Polymerization
	2.3 Basic Characteristics of Condensation or Step-Growth Polymerization
	2.4 Relationship between Average Functionality, Extent of Reaction and Degree of Polymerization
	2.5 Bifunctional System
	2.6 Polyfunctional System
	2.7 Molecular Weight Control: Quantitative Effect of Stoichiometric Imbalance on Maximum Attainable Molecular Weight
	2.8 Kinetics of Step-Growth Polymerization
	2.9 Distribution of Molecular Weight in (Linear) Bifunctional Polycondensation
	2.10 Multichain Step-Growth Polymers (Polyfunctional Systems)
	2.11 Some Additional Considerations of Non-Stoichiometric Reactant Systems
	2.12 Practical Consideration of Gel Points
	2.13 Molecular Weight Distribution in Multifunctional Reactant Systems
	2.14 Interfacial Polymerization
	References
Chapter 3: Addition Polymerization or Chain-Growth Polymerization
	3.1 General Theory of Addition Polymerization
	3.2 Overall Scheme of Radical Chain Polymerization
	3.3 Comparison between Chain-Growth and Step-Growth Polymerization
	3.4 Kinetics of Chain Polymerization Initiated by a Free Radical Initiator
	3.5 Analysis of the Kinetic Expressions
	3.6 Experimental Approaches for Determination of Rp
	3.7 Initiation and Initiator Systems
	3.8 Autoacceleration or Gel Effect in Radical Polymerization
	3.9 Thermal Initiation in Absence of an Initiator or Catalyst
	3.10 Photo-Initiation of Polymerization
	3.11 Polymerization Initiated by High Energy Radiations
	3.12 Evaluation of the Kinetic Parameter, kp2/kt
	3.13 Energetic Characteristics of Free Radical Polymerization
	3.14 Chain Length and Degree or Polymerization
	3.15 Chain Transfer
	3.16 Inhibition and Retardation
	3.17 Equilibrium in Chain Polymerization
	3.18 Dead-End Effect in Radical Polymerization
	3.19 Allylic Polymerization and Autoinhibition
	3.20 Non-Ideal Kinetics in Radical Polymerization
	3.21 Determination of Absolute Rate Constant of Propagation Reaction
	3.22 Olefin Metathesis and Metathesis Polymerization
	References
Chapter 4: Copolymerization and Techniques of Polymerization
	4.1 Concept of Copolymerization
	4.2 Binary Copolymerization of Vinyl Monomers by Free Radical Mechanism
	4.3 Types of Copolymerization
	4.4 Average Copolymer Composition
	4.5 Determination of Monomer Reactivity Ratios
	4.6 Rate of Copolymerization
	4.7 Structure and Reactivity of Monomers and Radicals
	4.8 The Q–e Scheme
	4.9 Technical Significance of Copolymerization
	4.10 Block and Graft Copolymers
	4.11 Techniques of Polymerization
	References
Chapter 5: Ionic and Stereo-regular Polymerization
	5.1 Ionic Polymerization: Introduction
	5.2 Cationic Polymerization
	5.3 Kinetics of Cationic Polymerization
	5.4 Anionic Polymerization
	5.5 Living Polymers
	5.6 Ionic Copolymerization
	5.7 Stereo-Regular Polymerization
	5.8 Stereo-Structures of Polymers of Disubstituted Ethylenes
	5.9 Geometrical and Optical Isomerism of Polymers of 1, 3-Diene Monomers
	5.10 Polymerization of 1, 3-Dienes
	5.11 Electroinitiated Polymerization
	References
Chapter  6: Polymer Characteristics and Polymer Characterization
	6.1 The Structure of Vinyl and Related Polymers
	6.2 Prevalence of Head-to-Tail Structure in Vinyl Polymers
	6.3 Branching in Vinyl Polymers
	6.4 Polymer Degradation
	6.5 The Concept of Average Molecular Weight
	6.6 Viscosity Average Molecular Weight
	6.7 Number Average Molecular Weight
	6.8 Membrane Osmometry
	6.9 Weight Average Molecular Weight: Light Scattering by Polymer Solutions
	6.10 End-Group Analysis
	6.11 The Z Average Molecular Weight
	6.12 General Requirement of Extrapolation to Infinite Dilution
	6.13 Polymer Fractionation and Molecular Weight Distribution
	6.14 Gel Permeation Chromatography
	6.15 The Molecular Size Parameter
	6.16 Molecular Weight Distribution in Vinyl Polymers
	6.17 Thermal Analysis
	6.18 Other Methods and Techniques of Polymer Characterization
	References
Chapter 7: Polymer Rheology and Polymer Morphology
	7.1 Polymer Rheology—Introduction
	7.2 Stress and Strain
	7.3 Ideal Elastic Solid
	7.4 Ideal or Newtonian Fluid
	7.5 Non-Newtonian Fluid
	7.6 Apparent Viscosity
	7.7 The Power Law
	7.8 Free Volume or Molecular Hole Concept
	7.9 Viscosity as a Function of Molecular Weight
	7.10 Weissenberg Effects
	7.11 Measurement of Flow or Rheological Properties of Fluids
	7.12 Melt Fracture and Irregular Flow
	7.13 Time-Dependent Flow
	7.14 Viscoelastic Behaviour
	7.15 Mechanical Model of a Viscoelastic Material
	7.16 Decay of Stress under Constant Strain (Stress Relaxation)
	7.17 Relaxation or Strain Enhancement under Constant Stress
	7.18 Hysteresis
	7.19 Creep and Relaxation of Typical Plastics
	7.20 Transition Phenomena in High Polymers
	7.21 Polymer Morphology—Introduction
	7.22 Development of Crystallinity
	7.23 Crystallization of Rubber on Cooling
	7.24 Mechanism of Crystallization
	7.25 Stress-Induced Crystallization
	7.26 Melting of Rubber
	7.27 Polymer Single Crystals
	7.28 Structure of Bulk Polymers
	7.29 Spherulites
	References
Chapter 8: Plastics—Materials and Processing Technology
	8.1 Plastics Materials—Introduction
	8.2 Polyethylene
	8.3 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
	8.4 Polypropylene
	8.5 Copolymers of Ethylene
	8.6 Polystyrene
	8.7 Acrylic Plastics: Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)
	8.8 Acrylic Fibres
	8.9 Poly(Vinyl Acetate)
	8.10 Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
	8.11 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
	8.12 Coumarone-Indene Resins
	8.13 Polyacetals and Polyethers (Acetal Resins)
	8.14 Polyamides
	8.15 Polyimides
	8.16 Polyesters
	8.17 Polyurethanes
	8.18 Polycarbonates
	8.19 Epoxy Resins
	8.20 Cellulose Plastics
	8.21 Phenolic Resins
	8.22 Amino Resins
	8.23 Silicones
	8.24 Additives for Plastics
	8.25 Plastics Processing Technology
	8.26 Chart of Properties
	8.27 Polymer Molecular Society: A Grand Model for Human Society
	References
Chapter 9: Rubbers—Materials and Processing Technology
	9.1 Rubber Materials—Introduction
	9.2 Natural Rubber (NR)
	9.3 Synthetic Rubbers
	9.4 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)
	9.5 Rubber Compounding and Processing Technology
	9.6 Sulphur Vulcanization
	9.7 Theory of Sulphur Vulcanization and Accelerator Action
	9.8 Non-Sulphur Vulcanization
	9.9 Assessment of Processability and State of Cure
	9.10 Hard Rubber or Ebonite
	9.11 Latex Technology
	9.12 Some Major Rubber Products
	9.13 Equation of State for Rubber Elasticity
	References
Chapter 10: Identification, Testing and Evaluation of Plastics and Rubbers
	10.1 Identification of Common Plastics and Rubbers
	10.2 Physical Testing
	10.3 Electrical Properties
	10.4 Softening Temperature Tests
	10.5 Melt Flow Index (MFI)
	References
Chapter 11: Polymer Blends and Composites
	11.1 Polymer Blends
	11.2 Consideration of Compatibility
	11.3 Types of Polyblends
	11.4 Properties of Polyblends
	11.5 Glass Transition of Polyblends
	11.6 Techno-commercial Consideration for Development of Polymer Blends
	11.7 Polymer Composites
	References
Chapter 12: Conducting Polymers
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Different Approaches for Making Conducting Polymers
	12.3 Inherently Conducting Polymers
	12.4 Photoconducting Polymers
	12.5 Metal-filled Conducting Polymer Composites
	12.6 Carbon Black/Carbon Fibre Reinforced Conductive Polymer Composites
	References
Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Polymers and Nanotechnology
	13.1 Dendritic Polymers
	13.2 Inorganic Polymers
	13.3 Power Polymers
	13.4 Nanotechnology
	References
Chapter 14: Polymers in Wastes and their Environmental Impact
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Natural Resources Scenario
	14.3 Waste Items
	14.4 Classified Waste Materials
	14.5 Power Scenario
	14.6 Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)
	14.7 Waste Management
	14.8 Recovery and Recycling of Organic Wastes
	14.9 Composting
	14.10 Integrated Waste Management for Sustainable Development
	References
Selected Reading References
Index