Neotyphodium in Cool-Season Grasses

NEOTYPHODIUM IN COOL-SEASON GRASSES......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 9
Preface......Page 19
SECTION I: CURRENT TRENDS IN NEOTYPHODIUM RESEARCH AND APPLICATION......Page 21
1.1 Current Trends in the USA......Page 23
1.2 Current Trends in Europe......Page 43
1.3 Current Trends in New Zealand......Page 55
1.4 Current Trends in Australia......Page 63
1.5 Current Trends in Japan......Page 75
1.6 Current Trends in South America......Page 85
SECTION 11: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF NEOTYPHODIUM......Page 93
Ergot Alkaloids......Page 95
Loline Alkaloids......Page 102
3 Molecular and Genetic Analysis of Lolitrem and Peramine Biosynthetic Pathways in Epichloe festucae......Page 113
Endophyte Synthesis of Bioprotective Metabolites......Page 114
Genetic Analysis of Endophytes......Page 115
Genetics and Molecular Cloning of a Peramine Biosynthesis Gene Cluster......Page 116
Molecular Cloning and Genetic Analysis of a Gene Cluster for Paxilline Biosynthesis......Page 117
Molecular Cloning and Genetic Analysis of a Gene Cluster for Lolitrem Biosynthesis......Page 118
Biology of Grass-Endophyte Symbioses......Page 123
Fungal Genomics......Page 124
Gene Discovery in Epicholoe-Neotyphodium Endophytes......Page 127
Discovery of EST-Derived SSR and SNP Markers......Page 129
Fungal Transcriptomics......Page 130
Microarry-Based Transcriptome Analysis......Page 135
5 Molecular Genetic Marker-Based Analysis of the Grass-Endophyte Symbiosis......Page 143
Development and Characterization of SSR Systems......Page 145
Analysis of Intraspecific Genetic Diversity......Page 148
Phylogenetic Analysis......Page 152
Co-Genotyping of Grass-Endophyte Symbioses......Page 153
SECTION 111: ECOLOGY AND AGRONOMY......Page 159
6 A Hierarchical Framework for Understanding the Ecosystem Consequences of Endophyte-Grass Symbioses......Page 161
A Hierarchical Approach to Endophyte Impacts on Ecosystem Functioning......Page 162
Endophyte Effects at the Host Plant Level......Page 164
Endophyte-Driven Dynamics at the Neighborhood Level......Page 168
Endophyte Impacts on Community-Level Dynamics......Page 174
Future Challenges......Page 177
7 Biotic Responses in Endophytic Grasses......Page 183
Biotic Responses in Wild Grasses......Page 184
Invertebrate Responses in Forage and Turf Grasses......Page 187
Plant Pathogen Responses in Turf and Forage Grasses......Page 192
Multitrophic Interactions......Page 193
Factors Affecting Biotic Responses......Page 194
8 Abiotic Stresses in Endophytic Grasses......Page 207
Drought Stress......Page 208
Light Stress......Page 210
Mineral Stress......Page 211
Novel Endophytes and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cool-Season Grasses......Page 213
9 Growth and Management of Endophytic Grasses in Pastoral Agriculture......Page 221
Endophyte Contamination in Pastures......Page 222
Sources of Contamination with Toxic Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass and Tall Fescue......Page 229
Factors to Consider in Selecting the Right Endophyte Option......Page 238
SECTION IV: ANIMAL TOXICOSES......Page 247
Confuming the Safety and Animal Productivity on ARl Pastures......Page 249
Ryegrass Staggers in the Absence of Lolitrem B......Page 250
Minimizing the Impact of Endemic Endophyte in Grazing Systems......Page 253
Relationship between Fescue Toxicosis and Environmental Conditions......Page 263
Thermoregulatory Terminology......Page 264
Animal Models and Control System Terminology......Page 267
Application of Animal Models to Fescue Toxicosis......Page 268
Short-Term Responses: Bovine and Rodent Models......Page 270
Long-Term Responses: Bovine and Rodent Models......Page 275
Use of Bovine and Rodent Models to Evaluate New Approaches to Reduce the Impact of Fescue Toxicosis on Thermoregulatory Ability......Page 280
12 Absorption of Ergot Alkaloids in the Ruminant......Page 291
Structure of Ergot Alkaloids......Page 292
Drug Absorption in Monogastrics......Page 294
Partitioning Coefficients......Page 296
Ruminal Metabolism and Absorption of Ergot Alkaloids......Page 302
Clinical Signs/Syndromes......Page 311
Physiological Manifestations of Endophyte Toxicosis......Page 313
14 Integrating Genetics. Environment. and Management to Minimize Animal Toxicoses......Page 325
Impact of Endophyte-Infested Tall Fescue on Animal Response......Page 326
Strategies for Reducing or Alleviating the Effects of Endophyte-Infested Fescue......Page 328
The Role of Producer Expectations or Goals......Page 337
SECTION V: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND QUALITY ASSURANCE......Page 345
Endemic Situation in Tall Fescue......Page 347
Endemic Situation in Perennial Ryegrass......Page 349
Reinfection of Elite Cultivars with Novel Endophytes......Page 350
Technical Requirements during Development and Commercialization of Endophytes......Page 353
Future......Page 355
16 Endophytes in Turfgrass Cultivars......Page 361
Endophyte Benefits for Turf......Page 362
Challenges in Implementing Endophytic Benefits in Turf......Page 364
Future Research and Direction......Page 367
17 Endophytes, Quality Assurance, and the Seed Trade in Eastern Australia......Page 371
Perennial Ryegrass......Page 372
Endophyte Viability in Seed......Page 373
Endemic Endophyte in Seed Lines......Page 374
Selected Endophytes......Page 376
Endophyte-Free Seed......Page 377
Seed Industry......Page 378
18 Public Education on Tall Fescue Toxicosis......Page 381
Co-Workers and Cow-Workers: What Do Specialists Recommend, and What Will Producers Adopt?......Page 382
The Witch\'s Brew......Page 389
Proposed Educational Approaches......Page 393