Modern Age Waste Water Problems: Solutions Using Applied Nanotechnology

Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Chapter 1: Recent Advancement in Wastewater Decontamination Technology......Page 14
 1.1 Introduction......Page 15
 1.2 Titanium-Supported Ion-Exchange Nanocomposites......Page 17
 1.4 Preparation of PANI-Titanium Supported Nano-Composite......Page 18
  1.4.1 Physico-chemical Properties......Page 19
   1.4.1.3 The Effect of Eluent Concentration......Page 20
   1.4.1.6 Distribution Coefficients (Kd Values)......Page 21
 1.6 Analytical Application of PANI-Titanium Supported Nano-Composite Ion-Exchange Adsorbents for the Treatment of Wastewaters......Page 22
 1.7 Summary......Page 28
 References......Page 31
Chapter 2: Nanocomposite Materials for Wastewater Decontamination......Page 36
 2.1 Introduction......Page 37
 2.2 Nanocomposite Materials for Waste Water Decontamination of Heavy Metal Ions......Page 38
 2.3 Nanocomposite Materials for Waste Water Decontamination of Dyes and Other Organic Pollutants......Page 42
  2.3.1 Co/Co(OH)2 Nanocomposites and Magnetite/Reduced Graphene Oxide (MRGO) for Decontamination of Dyes from Waste Water......Page 43
  2.3.2 Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 45
  2.3.3 Biochar-Based Nanocomposites for Removal of some Organic Pollutants from Wastewater......Page 46
 2.4 Nanocomposite Materials for Waste Water Decontamination of Other Pollutants......Page 47
  2.4.2 Fe3O4/Polystyrene Magnetic Nanocomposites as a Sorbent for Clean-up of Oil from Contaminated Water......Page 48
 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective......Page 49
 References......Page 50
Chapter 3: Nano-materials for Wastewater Treatment......Page 60
   3.1.1.1 Industrial Discharge......Page 61
   3.1.1.4 Urban Pollution......Page 62
   3.1.1.5 Agricultural Chemicals......Page 63
    Hot Filtration......Page 65
    Vacuum Filtration......Page 66
   3.2.1.2 Ion-Exchange Technique......Page 67
   3.2.1.3 Properties of Ion-Exchanger......Page 68
   3.2.1.4 Reverse Osmosis......Page 69
   3.2.2.1 Activated Alumina......Page 70
  3.2.5 Zeolite......Page 71
  3.2.8 Graphene Oxide......Page 72
  3.3.1 Cadmium......Page 74
  3.3.2 Lead......Page 75
 3.4 Tolerable Intake Value Given by WHO......Page 76
 3.5 Synthesizing Oxides of Iron......Page 77
 References......Page 78
 4.1 Introduction......Page 81
 4.2 Structure, Sources and Preparation of Chitosan Nanocomposites......Page 83
  4.3.1 Removal of Organic Pollutants......Page 84
  4.3.2 Removal of Heavy Metals......Page 86
  4.3.4 As a Coagulant......Page 87
  4.4.1 Biological Properties......Page 88
  4.4.3 Physical Properties......Page 89
 4.5 Summery of Literature Survey (Table 4.1)......Page 90
 4.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective......Page 91
 References......Page 92
 5.1 Introduction......Page 96
 5.2 Graphene Polymer Composites......Page 98
 5.3 Graphene Composites for Water Decontamination......Page 99
 5.4 Graphene-Based Photocatalytic Composites for Water Decontamination......Page 100
 References......Page 101
Chapter 6: Fabrication of Polyaniline Supported Nanocomposites and Their Sensing Application for Detection of Environmental Po.........Page 103
 6.1 Introduction......Page 104
 6.2 PANI Based Nanocomposite Ion-Exchange Materials and Their Sensing Applications......Page 105
  6.3.1 Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)......Page 127
  6.3.2 LPG Sensing Application......Page 133
  6.3.3 Sensing Behaviour Towards Humidity......Page 134
  6.3.4 Analysis of Miscellaneous Gases......Page 135
  6.3.5 PANI Based Biosensors Nanocomposites......Page 140
   6.3.5.2 Glucose Biosensor......Page 141
   6.3.5.3 PANI Based Immunosensors......Page 143
   6.3.5.4 DNA Based Biosensors......Page 147
 6.4 Conclusion......Page 148
 References......Page 151
Chapter 7: A New Polyoxovanadate Based Hybrid Materials: A Promising Sensor for Picric Acid and Pd2+ Found in the Aqueous Envi.........Page 158
 7.1 Introduction......Page 159
  7.2.1 Physical Methods......Page 162
  7.2.4 Fluorescence Experiments......Page 163
  7.2.5 DFT Studies......Page 164
  7.2.6 Hirshfeld Surface Analysis......Page 165
  7.3.2 Crystal Structure Investigations of {Cu(Pyno)4}{NEt3H}2[H2V10O28] (1)......Page 166
  7.3.3 FT-IR Spectra, PXRD Analyses, Cyclic Voltammetry and TGA......Page 172
  7.3.4 Study of Non-covalent Interactions......Page 175
  7.3.5 Magnetic Studies......Page 179
  7.3.6 Luminescent Property and Detection of PA and Pd2+......Page 181
 References......Page 198
 8.1 Introduction......Page 203
  8.2.1 TiO2 Based Materials......Page 209
   8.2.2.1 Doping and Coupling of TiO2......Page 210
  8.2.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Parathion......Page 211
  8.2.5 Photocatalytic Decontamination of Acid Blue 40......Page 212
 8.3 Non TiO2 Materials for Photocatalysis......Page 214
 8.4 Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Wastewater Treatment......Page 215
 References......Page 217
 9.1 Introduction......Page 221
 9.3 Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles......Page 223
  9.3.4 Chemical Vapour Deposition Techniques......Page 224
  9.4.1 Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy......Page 225
  9.4.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)......Page 226
  9.5.1 Metal Oxide as Nanoadsorbents......Page 227
   9.5.2.1 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation......Page 228
  9.5.3 Metal Oxide Composites in Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions......Page 229
  9.5.4 Water Disinfection Treatment Process......Page 230
  9.5.6 Treatment of Wastewater by Ion Exchange Technology......Page 231
 9.6 Challenges in Water Treatment Technology......Page 232
 References......Page 235
Chapter 10: Heavy Metal Remediation by Natural Adsorbents......Page 240
 10.1 Introduction......Page 241
  10.2.1 Definition and Toxicity......Page 242
 10.4 Bioremediation......Page 243
   10.4.1.1 In situ and Ex situ Bioremediation......Page 244
  10.4.2 Conventional Processes for Removal......Page 246
 10.5 Adsorption on Modified Natural Materials......Page 247
  10.6.1 Adsorption on Modified Agriculture and Biological Wastes (Bio-Sorption)......Page 248
  10.6.2 Adsorption on Modified Biopolymers and Hydrogels......Page 249
 10.7 Nanomaterial or Nanocomposite Application in Metal Ion Extraction of Absorption......Page 251
  10.7.1 Carbon Based Nanomaterials......Page 252
  10.7.3 Polymer Supported Nanosorbents......Page 253
 10.8 Conclusion......Page 254
 References......Page 255
 11.1 Introduction......Page 258
  11.2.1 Physical Adsorption......Page 259
  11.2.4 Temperature......Page 260
  11.2.5 Pressure......Page 261
 11.3 Agricultural Waste Adsorbents......Page 264
  11.3.2 Byproduct Adsorbents......Page 265
 References......Page 266
 12.1 Introduction......Page 268
 12.2 Primary Treatment......Page 270
  12.3.2 Rotating Biological Contactors......Page 271
  12.3.3 Activated Sludge Method......Page 272
 12.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment......Page 273
 12.5 Membrane Bioreactor Technology......Page 274
 12.7 Nanotechnology......Page 275
  12.7.2 Nanosorbents......Page 276
  12.7.4 Membrane Filtration Technology......Page 277
  12.7.5 Nanofibers......Page 278
 References......Page 279
Chapter 13: Bioremediation of Oil-Spills from ShoreLine Environment......Page 282
 13.2 Deep Water Horizon Spill......Page 283
  13.2.2 Gulf War Oil Spill......Page 285
  13.2.4 Fergana Valley Oil Spill......Page 286
  13.2.7 Castillo de Bellver Oil Spill......Page 287
  13.3.1 Effects of Oil Spill......Page 288
  13.4.1 Physical Methods......Page 289
  13.4.2 Chemical Methods......Page 290
 13.5 Bioremediation Technology for Oil-Spills Clean-up......Page 291
  13.6.1 Physical Factors......Page 293
 13.8 Disadvantages of Bioremediation......Page 294
 13.11 Conclusion......Page 295
 References......Page 296
Chapter 14: Rainwater Harvesting and Current Advancements......Page 299
 14.1 Introduction......Page 300
 14.3 Rainwater Harvesting......Page 301
 14.4 Rainwater Harvesting Technology......Page 302
 14.5 Analyzing the Rainwater Harvesting Potential of an Area......Page 303
 14.7 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Systems......Page 304
 14.8 Development of Rainwater Harvesting System......Page 305
 14.9 Components of a Rainwater Harvesting System......Page 306
 14.10 Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting......Page 307
 14.11 Rainwater Harvesting as a Sustainable Water Approach......Page 308
 14.12 Future Perspective in Rainwater Harvesting......Page 310
 References......Page 312
 15.1 Introduction......Page 314
 15.2 Heavy Metal Contamination and Toxicity......Page 315
 15.3 Conventional Technologies for Heavy Metal Removal......Page 316
 15.4 Adsorption......Page 319
   15.4.1.2 Nature of Adsorbent......Page 320
   15.4.1.4 Contact Time......Page 321
   15.4.1.5 Temperature......Page 322
  15.4.2 Adsorption Isotherms......Page 323
  15.5.2 Silica Gel......Page 324
  15.5.4 Clay......Page 325
  15.6.1 Agricultural Waste/Byproducts......Page 326
  15.6.3 Industrial Waste/by-Products......Page 328
 References......Page 329
Chapter 16: Graphene Based Composites of Metals/Metal Oxides as Photocatalysts......Page 334
 16.2 Design Rule for the Synthesis of Photocatalytic Material......Page 335
 16.3 Synthesis and Properties of Graphene......Page 336
  16.3.2 Role of Graphene for Photocatalytic......Page 337
 References......Page 340
Chapter 17: Microbial Electrochemical Cell: An Emerging Technology for Waste Water Treatment and Carbon Sequestration......Page 343
 17.1 Introduction......Page 344
  17.2.1 Dual Chamber MEC......Page 347
  17.3.1 Anode......Page 348
  17.3.3 Separator or Membrane......Page 349
  17.5.2 Electrolyte or Ion Strength......Page 350
  17.5.4 Temperature......Page 354
  17.6.1 Methane......Page 355
   17.6.1.1 Acetate......Page 356
   17.6.1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)......Page 357
  17.6.3 Formic Acid......Page 358
 17.7 Needs and Challenges in the Development of Practical MEC Technology......Page 359
 References......Page 360