High-yield behavioral science

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Reviewers
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Child Development
	I: Infancy: Birth to 15 Months
		A. ATTACHMENT
		B. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
		C. INFANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES
		D. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORISTS
	II: The Toddler Years: 16 Months–2½ Years
		A. ATTACHMENT
		B. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
	III: The Preschooler: 3–6 Years
		A. ATTACHMENT
		B. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
	IV: School Age: 7–11 Years
		A. ATTACHMENT
		B. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 2: Adolescence and Adulthood
	I: Adolescence: 11–20 Years
		A. EARLY ADOLESCENCE (11–14 YEARS)
		B. MIDDLE ADOLESCENCE (14–17 YEARS)
		C. LATE ADOLESCENCE (17–20 YEARS)
		D. TEENAGE SEXUALITY AND PREGNANCY
	II: Early Adulthood: 20–40 Years
		A. CHARACTERISTICS
		B. STARTING A NEW FAMILY
	III: Middle Adulthood: 40–65 Years
		A. CHARACTERISTICS
		B. RELATIONSHIPS
		C. THE CLIMACTERIUM
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 3: Aging, Death, and Bereavement
	I: Aging
		A. DEMOGRAPHICS
		B. PHYSICAL CHANGES
		C. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES
		D. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN THE ELDERLY
		E. LONGEVITY
	II: Dying, Death, and Bereavement
		A. STAGES OF DYING
		B. BEREAVEMENT (NORMAL GRIEF) VERSUS DEPRESSION (ABNORMAL GRIEF)
		Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 4: Psychodynamic Theory and Defense Mechanisms
	I: Freud’s Theories of the Mind
		A. TOPOGRAPHIC THEORY OF THE MIND
		B. STRUCTURAL THEORY OF THE MIND
	II: Psychoanalysis and Related Therapies
		A. OVERVIEW
		B. TECHNIQUES
	III: Defense Mechanisms
		A. DEFINITION
		B. CLASSIFICATION
	Answer to Patient Snapshot Question
Chapter 5: Learning Theory and Behavioral Medicine
	I: Overview
		A. LEARNING
		B. METHODS
	II: Habituation and Sensitization
		A. HABITUATION
		B. SENSITIZATION
	III: Classical Conditioning
		A. PRINCIPLES
		B. ELEMENTS
		C. RESPONSE ACQUISITION AND EXTINCTION
		D. RELATED CONCEPTS
	IV: Operant Conditioning
		A. PRINCIPLES
		B. ELEMENTS
		C. RELATED CONCEPTS
	V: Application of Behavioral Techniques to Medicine
		A. SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
		B. TOKEN ECONOMY
		C. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
		D. BIOFEEDBACK
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 6: Substance-Related Disorders
	I: Overview of Substance-Related Disorders
		A. DEMOGRAPHICS
		B. SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS: SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
	II: Neurotransmitter Associations
		A. STIMULANTS
		B. SEDATITVE AGENTS
	III: Identifying Substance Use Disorders
		A. LABORATORY FINDINGS
		B. POSITIVE RESPONSES TO THE CAGE QUESTIONS
	IV: Management of Substance Use Disorders
		A. MANAGEMENT OF SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE AND ABUSE RANGES FROM ABSTINENCE AND DRUGS THAT BLOCK WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS TO PEER SUPPORT GROUPS
		B. DUAL DIAGNOSIS
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 7: Sleep
	I: The Awake State and the Normal Sleep State
		A. AWAKE STATE
		B. SLEEP STATE
		C. SLEEP ARCHITECTURE
		D. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
	II: Sleep Disorders
		A. CLASSIFICATION OF SLEEP DISORDERS
		B. MANAGEMENT OF SLEEP DISORDERS
	Answer to Patient Snapshot Question
Chapter 8: The Genetics of Behavior
	I: Genetic Studies
		A. FAMILY RISK STUDIES
		B. TWIN STUDIES
	II: Genetic Origins of Psychiatric Disorders
		A. SCHIZOPHRENIA
		B. AFFECTIVE (MOOD) DISORDERS
		C. PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND DISORDERS
	III: Genetic Origins of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
		A. NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
		B. FORMS OF MENTAL RETARDATION
	IV: Alcoholism
		A. PREVALENCE
		B. CONCORDANCE RATES
		C. FAMILY HISTORY
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 9: Behavioral Neuroanatomy and Neurochemistry
	I: Neuroanatomy
		A. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
		B. BRAIN LESIONS
		C. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
	II: Neurotransmission
		A. SYNAPSES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
		B. PRESYNAPTIC AND POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTORS
		C. REGULATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTER ACTIVITY
		D. CLASSIFICATION
	III: Biogenic Amines
		A. OVERVIEW
		B. DOPAMINE
		C. NOREPINEPHRINE
		D. SEROTONIN
		E. HISTAMINE
		F. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)
	IV: Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Are Involved in Most Synapses in the Brain
		A. GABA
		B. GLYCINE
		C. GLUTAMATE
		D. ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 10: Psychopharmacology
	I: Agents Used to Treat Psychosis
		A. TYPICAL (TRADITIONAL) ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS
		B. ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS
	II: Agents Used to Treat Mood Disorders
		A. ANTIDEPRESSANTS
		B. MOOD STABILIZERS: AGENTS USED TO TREAT MANIA
		C. ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
	III: Agents Used to Treat Anxiety
		A. BENZODIAZEPINES AND BARBITURATES
		B. NONBENZODIAZEPINES
	IV: Psychoactive Medications in Pregnancy
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 11: Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
	I: Psychiatric Disorders: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
	II: Overview of Schizophrenia and the Psychotic Disorders
		A. SCHIZOPHRENIA
		B. THE OCCURRENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
	III: Etiology
		A. NEUROLOGICAL FACTORS
		B. SOCIAL FACTORS
	IV: Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		A. PEOPLE WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
		B. CLASSIFICATION OF SYMPTOMS
		C. THOUGHT DISORDERS
		D. SUBTYPES AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
	V: Prognosis and Management
		A. PROGNOSIS
		B. MANAGEMENT
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 12: Mood Disorders
	I: Definition, Categories, and Epidemiology
		A. DEFINITION
		B. MAJOR CATEGORIES
		C. EPIDEMIOLOGY
	II: Etiology
		A. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
		B. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS
	III: Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		A. DEPRESSION
		B. MANIA
	IV: Differential Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Management
		A. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
		B. PROGNOSIS
		C. MANAGEMENT
	Answer to Patient Snapshot Question
Chapter 13: Cognitive Disorders
	I: Overview
		A. ETIOLOGY
		B. TYPES
		C. MAJOR FEATURES
	II: Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (Alzheimer Disease)
		A. DIAGNOSIS
		B. CLINICAL COURSE
		C. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
		D. MANAGEMENT
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 14: Other Psychiatric Disorders
	I: Anxiety Disorders
		A. CHARACTERISTICS
		B. CLASSIFICATION
		C. MANAGEMENT
	II: Somatoform Disorders, Factitious Disorder, and Malingering
		A. CHARACTERISTICS, CLASSIFICATION, AND MANAGEMENT
		B. FACTITIOUS DISORDER AND MALINGERING
	III: Personality Disorders
		A. CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION
		B. MANAGEMENT
	IV: Dissociative Disorders
		A. CHARACTERISTICS
		B. CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT
	V: Obesity and Eating Disorders
		A. CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS
		B. MANAGEMENT
	VI: Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Childhood
		A. CLASSIFICATION
		B. INCIDENCE
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 15: Suicide
	I: Epidemiology
	II: Suicidal Behavior
		A. ATTEMPTS
		B. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
	III: Risk Factors
		A. HIERARCHY OF RISK
		B. DEPRESSION
		C. OCCUPATION
		D. MANAGEMENT
		E. INDICATIONS FOR HOSPITALIZATION
	Answer to Patient Snapshot Question
Chapter 16: Tests to Determine Neuropsychological Functioning
	I: Overview
		A. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
		B. CULTURE AND EARLY EXPERIENCES
	II: Intelligence Tests
		A. INTELLIGENCE AND MENTAL AGE
		B. INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ)
		C. WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE TESTS
	III: Personality Tests
		A. CHARACTERISTICS
		B. COMMON PERSONALITY TESTS
	IV: Neuropsychological Tests
		A. USES
		B. SPECIFIC TESTS
	V: Psychological Evaluation of Patients with Psychiatric Symptoms
		A. PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY
		B. MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION
	VI: Biological Evaluation of Patients with Psychiatric Symptoms
		A. TESTS USED IN CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY
		B. LABORATORY TESTING OF PATIENTS WITH BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 17: The Family, Culture, and Illness
	I: The Family
		A. TYPES OF FAMILIES
		B. MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN
		C. DIVORCE
		D. SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES
		E. FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY AND FAMILY THERAPY
	II: United States Culture
		A. COMPOSITION
		B. CULTURE AND ILLNESS
		C. CULTURE SHOCK (ACCULTURATIVE STRESS)
	Answer to Patient Snapshot Question
Chapter 18: Sexuality
	I: Sexual Development
		A. PRENATAL SEX DETERMINATION
		B. GENDER IDENTITY
		C. SEXUAL ORIENTATION
	II: The Biology of Sexuality in Adulthood
		A. HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR IN WOMEN
		B. HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR IN MEN
		C. THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
	III: Sexual Dysfunction and Paraphilias
		A. SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
		B. MANAGEMENT
		C. PARAPHILIAS
	IV: Special Issues in Sexuality: Illness, Injury, and Aging
		A. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)
		B. DIABETES
		C. SPINAL CORD INJURIES
		D. AGING
	V: Drugs and Sexuality
		A. PRESCRIPTION AND NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS
		B. DRUGS OF ABUSE
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 19: Violence and Abuse
	I: Violence
		A. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF VIOLENCE
		B. BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF VIOLENCE
		C. IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS
	II: Abuse and Neglect of Children and the Elderly
		A. CHARACTERISTICS AND INCIDENCE
		B. ROLE OF THE PHYSICIAN
	III: Physical and Sexual Abuse of Domestic Partners
		A. OVERVIEW
		B. ROLE OF THE PHYSICIAN
	IV: Sexual Aggression: Rape and Related Crimes
		A. DEFINITIONS
		B. LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
		C. ROLE OF THE PHYSICIAN
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 20: The Physician–Patient Relationship
	I: Communicating with Patients
		A. GIVING INFORMATION TO PATIENTS
		B. GETTING INFORMATION FROM PATIENTS
	II: The Ill Patient
		A. SEEKING MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC CARE
		B. THE “SICK ROLE.”
		C. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
	III: Adherence
		A. CHARACTERISTICS
		B. TRANSFERENCE REACTIONS
	IV: Stress and Illness
		A. LIFE STRESS
		B. PSYCHOSOMATIC FACTORS
	V: Special Patient Populations
		A. AT-RISK PATIENTS
		B. PATIENTS WITH AIDS
		C. CHRONIC PAIN PATIENTS
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 21: Health Care Delivery
	I: Health Care Delivery Systems
		A. HOSPITALS
		B. LONG-TERM CARE: NURSING HOMES AND RELATED FACILITIES
		C. HOSPICE
	II: Physicians
		A. MEDICAL DOCTORS
		B. PATIENT CONSULTATIONS
	III: Cost of Health Care
		A. HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES
		B. ALLOCATION OF HEALTH CARE FUNDS
	IV: Health Insurance
		A. OVERVIEW
		B. PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE
		C. MANAGED CARE AND FEE-FOR-SERVICE PLANS
		D. FEDERAL AND STATE-FUNDED INSURANCE COVERAGE
	V: Demographics of Health
		A. LIFESTYLE, ATTITUDES, AND HEALTH
		B. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND HEALTH
		C. GENDER, AGE, AND HEALTH
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 22: Legal and Ethical Issues in Medical Practice
	I: Professional Behavior
		A. IMPAIRED PHYSICIANS
		B. MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
	II: Legal Competence and Capacity
		A. DEFINITIONS
		B. MINORS
		C. QUESTIONS OF COMPETENCE
	III: Informed Consent
		A. OVERVIEW
		B. COMPONENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT
		C. SPECIAL SITUATIONS
		D. TREATMENT OF MINORS
	IV: Confidentiality
		A. In most circumstances, physicians are expected ethically to maintain patient confidentiality.
		B. THE TARASOFF DECISION
		C. INVOLUNTARY HOSPITALIZATION
	V: Infectious Diseases
		A. Most states require physicians to report varicella (chicken pox), hepatitis, measles,mumps, rubella, salmonellosis, shigellosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea,chlamydia, and AIDS to their state health departments.
		B. HIV INFECTION
	VI: Advance Directives
		A. OVERVIEW
		B. SPECIAL SITUATIONS
	VII: Death and Euthanasia
		A. LEGAL STANDARD OF DEATH
		B. EUTHANASIA AND PHYSICIAN ASSISTED AID-IN DYING (PAD)
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Chapter 23: Epidemiology
	I: Overview
		A. DEFINITION
		B. INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
	II: Research Study Design
		A. RESEARCH STUDY DESIGNS
		B. CLINICAL TREATMENT TRIALS
	III: Measurement of Risk
		A. RISK FACTORS
		B. ABSOLUTE RISK (ESSENTIALLY, THE INCIDENCE RATE), RELATIVE RISK, ATTRIBUTABLE RISK, AND THE ODDS RATIO
		C. NUMBER NEEDED TO TREAT (NNT)
		D. NUMBER NEEDED TO HARM (NNH)
	IV: Testing
		A. REDUCING BIAS
		B. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
		C. SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY
		D. PREDICTIVE VALUE
		E. CLINICAL PROBABILITY AND ATTACK RATE
		F. RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC) CURVES
	Answer to Patient Snapshot Question
Chapter 24: Statistical Analyses
	I: Variables and Measures of Dispersion and Central Tendency
		A. VARIABLES
		B. MEASURES OF DISPERSION
		C. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
		D. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
		E. CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (CI)
	II: Hypothesis Testing
		A. THE NULL HYPOTHESIS
		B. STATISTICAL PROBABILITY
	III: Statistical Tests
		A. PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS
		B. NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS
		C. CATEGORICAL TESTS
	Answers to Patient Snapshot Questions
Index