Handbook of Vitamin C Research: Daily Requirements, Dietary Sources and Adverse Effects (Nutrition and Diet Research Progress)

HANDBOOK OF VITAMIN C RESEARCH:DAILY REQUIREMENTS, DIETARYSOURCES AND ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 3
HANDBOOK OF VITAMIN C RESEARCH:DAILY REQUIREMENTS, DIETARYSOURCES AND ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Abstract......Page 21
Introduction......Page 22
Overview of Oxidative Stress......Page 25
Associations with Health and Disease......Page 26
Associations with Physical Performance and Tissue Injury......Page 27
Formation of RONS: Non-Exercise Conditions......Page 28
Primary Sources......Page 30
Methods of Assessing RONS Formation and Tissue Injury......Page 31
Lipids......Page 32
Antioxidant Capacity......Page 33
Protective Mechanisms Against RONS......Page 34
Antioxidant Defense System......Page 35
Pharmacological Antioxidants......Page 36
Impact of Chronic Exercise on Antioxidant Defense......Page 37
Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stressand Tissue Injury......Page 38
Aerobic Exercise......Page 39
Vitamin C Intake in Relation to Exercise-InducedOxidative Stress and Tissue Injury......Page 40
Concentric, Short Duration Protocols......Page 41
Concentric, Long Duration Protocols......Page 42
Antioxidant Mixtures......Page 43
Concentric, Short Duration Protocols......Page 44
Concentric, Long Duration Protocols......Page 45
Aerobic Exercise, Vitamin C, and Oxidative Stress/Tissue Injury:Summary......Page 46
Vitamin C Alone......Page 47
Antioxidant Mixtures......Page 48
Interaction between Exercise and Vitamin CIntake on Adaptations to Exercise......Page 49
Conclusion......Page 51
References......Page 52
Abstract......Page 65
Introduction......Page 67
(1) Metabolism of VC and Oxidative Stress......Page 68
(2) Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for VC and Optimal Nutrition......Page 69
(3) Polymorphism of Xenobiotic Enzymes and VC Metabolism......Page 70
(4) Xenobiotics of VC Metabolism......Page 71
(1) Subjects......Page 72
(2) VC Loading Human Experiment (Figure 1)......Page 73
(3) Determination of VC, Oxidants and other Biochemical Components......Page 74
(5) Statistical Analysis......Page 75
(2) Results of Epidemiological Survey on VC and Oxidative Stress (Table1)......Page 76
(3) Results of VC Depleting-Repleting Experiment (Table 2)......Page 77
(4) Blood VC Concentrations before and after VC Loading (Table 3)......Page 78
(5) Time Course of VC Excretion after Loading with AsA and DAsA (Table 4and Figs. 2 and 3)......Page 80
(1) Human Specific VC Metabolism and Antioxidant Activity of VC......Page 82
(2) Transport and Pharmacokinetics of VC in Human Subjects......Page 85
(3) Glutathione-Dependent DAsA Reduction and Transport......Page 88
(4) Polymorphisms in GSTP1 and Loss of Reduced Glutathione......Page 89
(5) Dehydroascorbatase: Crystallographic Structure, and AntixenobioticProperties......Page 90
(6) Monodehydroascorbate Radicals and Xenobiotics......Page 92
(7) Pro-Oxidant Activity of VC......Page 93
(8) Human Specific Genes for VC Metabolism and Future VCNutrigenomics......Page 94
(9) Recommended Dietary Allowances for VC (Figure 4)......Page 95
Conclusion......Page 96
(3) VC Loading Experiments......Page 97
Acknowledgments......Page 98
References......Page 99
Abstract......Page 107
Introduction......Page 108
Cell Culture......Page 113
Analysis of Oxidative DNA Damage Inducedby N-Nitrosamines or Vitamin C byAlkaline Comet Assay......Page 114
Analysis of Oxidative DNA Damage Inducedby a Simultaneous Treatment of N-Nitrosaminesand Vitamin C by Alkaline Comet Assay......Page 115
P-Nitrophenol Hydroxylation Assay (PNH)......Page 116
4-Methylumbellipherone Glucuronidation Assay......Page 117
MTT Cell Culture Assay......Page 118
Detection of Apoptosis by Tdt-Dutp Terminal Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL)Assay......Page 119
Statistical Analyses of Data......Page 120
DNA Strand Break and Oxidative DNA Damage Induction by NNitrosamines......Page 121
Oxidative DNA Damage Induction by a Simultaneous Treatment of NNitrosaminesand Vitamin C......Page 122
Oxidative DNA Damage Induction by a Simultaneous Treatment of NPIP orNDBA and Vitamin C in Combination with Itcs......Page 123
Oxidative DNA Damage Induction by a Simultaneous Treatment of NPIP orNDBA and Vitamin C in Combination with OSCs......Page 125
DNA Strand Break and Oxidized Purines/Pyrimidines Induction by aSimultaneous Treatment of H2O2 and Vitamin C in Alkaline Comet Assay......Page 126
Effect of Vitamin C Treatment on Cell Viability......Page 127
Effect of Vitamin C on Apoptosis by the TUNEL Assay......Page 129
Effect of Vitamin C on N-Nitrosamines-Induced Apoptosis by the TUNELAssay......Page 130
Effect of Vitamin C on NPIP and NDBA-Induced ROS Production......Page 132
Conclusion......Page 133
References......Page 137
Introduction......Page 147
Functions of Vitamin C......Page 148
The Recommended DietaryAllowance of Vitamin C......Page 149
Supplements......Page 150
Kidney Stones......Page 151
Hypertension......Page 152
Coronary Heart Disease......Page 153
Diabetes Mellitus......Page 154
Scurvy and Oral Health......Page 156
Smokers......Page 158
Others......Page 159
References......Page 161
Abstract......Page 173
2. The In Vitro Evidence for an AntioxidativeRole of Vitamin C......Page 174
2.1 The In Vitro Evidence for a Pro-Oxidative Role of Vitamin C......Page 177
3. The In Vivo Evidence for a Prooxidativeor an Antioxidative Role of Vitamin C......Page 181
3.1 Vitamin C and Epidemiological Studies......Page 184
3.2. The Possible Explanation of the Dual Role of Antioxidants vs. Pro-Oxidants......Page 185
3.3. Redox Balance and Cancer......Page 186
4. Conclusion......Page 190
References......Page 193
Abstract......Page 205
1. Introduction......Page 206
3. Vitamins......Page 207
4. Vitamin C......Page 208
4.2. How Does Vitamin C Protect Us from Various Diseases?......Page 210
4.3. Instability and Inefficiency of Vitamin C and Possible Solution forthese Problems......Page 211
5. Encapsulation Techniques for Vitamin C......Page 212
5.3. Solvent Evaporation......Page 213
5.5. Homogenization of Water and Organic Phases......Page 214
6. Materials in which Ascorbic AcidCan Be Encapsulated......Page 215
7. Characteristics of Ascorbic Acid Nano andMicroparticles Prepared by Different Methods......Page 218
8. Applications of Micro and Nanoparticleswith Ascorbic Acid......Page 221
References......Page 222
Abstract......Page 233
2. Synthesis and Metabolism of Vitamin C......Page 234
3. Transport of Ascorbic Acid andDehydroascorbic Acid......Page 238
4. Relationship between the Cellular Handlingof Vitamin C and Disease......Page 242
4.2. Eye Disease......Page 243
4.4. Infection, Surgery and Inflammation......Page 244
4.5. Diseases of the Skin and Skeletal and Muscular Systems......Page 245
4.7. Liver Diseases......Page 246
Acknowledgments......Page 247
References......Page 248
Abstract......Page 257
Introduction......Page 258
Physiological and BiochemicalFunctions of Vitamin C......Page 259
Health Benefits......Page 261
Daily Requirements......Page 263
Dietary Sources......Page 265
Adverse Effects......Page 268
Prooxidant Effects......Page 269
Ascorbic Acid and Vitamin B12 Deficiency......Page 270
Megadosing and Hemolysis......Page 271
Ascorbic Acid Intestinal Uptake Affected by Flavonoids......Page 272
Conclusion......Page 273
References......Page 274
ABSTRACT......Page 281
Introduction......Page 282
Subjects and Methods......Page 283
Determination of Dietary Ascorbate......Page 284
Results......Page 285
Discussion......Page 290
References......Page 292
Abstract......Page 301
3. Ascorbic Acid and Menstrual Cycle......Page 302
3. Ascorbic Acid and Oxidative Stressin Female Reproduction......Page 303
Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)......Page 304
6. Oxidative Stress and Human Reproduction......Page 305
8. Oxidative Stress and the Endometrium......Page 306
11. Oxidative Stress and Pre-Eclamsia......Page 307
Vitamin C Supplementation and Pregnancy Outcomes......Page 308
Ascorbic Acid, Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility......Page 309
References......Page 310
Abstract......Page 319
Introduction......Page 320
Oxidative Stress......Page 321
Structure and Properties of Vitamin C......Page 322
Vitamin C in the Brain as a Scavenger of Free Oxygen Radicals......Page 323
Vitamin C, Oxidative Stress and Epilepsy......Page 324
Treatment of Epilepsy with Vitamin C in Experimental Animal Models......Page 325
Vitamin C, Oxidative Stress and Antiepileptic Drugs......Page 326
References......Page 328
Abstract......Page 333
1. Introduction......Page 334
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Procedures......Page 335
2.2. Biochemical Analysis......Page 337
2.3. Statistical Analysis......Page 338
3.1. Mean Annual Content of Vitamin C in Spruce Needles......Page 339
3.2. Correlation Analysis......Page 340
4. Conclusion......Page 344
References......Page 345
Abstract......Page 349
1. Mercury: An Environmental Risk Factor......Page 350
1.1. Molecular Mechanism of Mercury Toxicity......Page 351
1.2. Mercury and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 352
2. Lead Toxicity......Page 353
2.1. Lead Exposure Hypertension and Oxidative Stress......Page 354
3. Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Protectionagainst Mercury and Lead......Page 355
References......Page 358
Abstract......Page 363
Mechanisms of Vitamin C Improving ED......Page 364
In Subjects with Coronary Artery Disease or Heart Failure......Page 365
In Subjects with Diabetes Mellitus......Page 366
Vitamin C in Subjects with Hypertension......Page 367
Vitamin C in Critically Ill Patients......Page 368
References......Page 369
Abstract......Page 375
Vitamins......Page 376
Study Design and Subjects......Page 377
Food Frequency Questionnaire......Page 378
Statistical Analysis......Page 379
Results......Page 380
Discussion......Page 382
References......Page 383
Appendix. Vitamin C content of foods*.......Page 386
Abstract......Page 387
Cancer and Ascorbic Acid......Page 388
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)......Page 389
Reciprocal Effects of Ascorbate on Cell Growth and MMPs or TGFExpression......Page 390
Acknowledgement......Page 391
References......Page 392
Senescence Marker Protein-30 (SMP30) Decreases with Aging......Page 397
A Shortage of Vitamin C Accelerates Aging......Page 399
Rough Estimate of Vitamin C Intake that Promotes Human Aging......Page 401
References......Page 402
Abstract......Page 405
References......Page 407
Index......Page 409