Handbook of Transport Strategy, Policy & Institutions, Volume 6 (Handbooks in Transport)

Front Cover......Page 1
Handbook of Transport Strategy, Policy and Institutions......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Introduction to the series......Page 6
1. Introduction......Page 28
2. Changing themes in transport strategy, policy, and institutions......Page 29
3. The elements of transport strategies, policy, and institutions......Page 33
4. The Handbook......Page 34
1. Introduction......Page 38
2. Nature of market failures......Page 39
3. Government intervention failures......Page 48
4. Conclusions......Page 53
References......Page 54
2. Origins of the regulatory transition problem......Page 56
3. Issues in regulatory transitions......Page 58
4. Ramsey pricing and maximum reasonable rates......Page 61
5. Competition policy in the transition to deregulation......Page 62
6. Pricing Competitive access in the transition to deregulation......Page 63
7. Revenue adequacy and stranded costs......Page 69
References......Page 71
1. Introduction......Page 76
2. Rationale for economic regulation......Page 77
3. History of network deregulation......Page 79
4. Results of network deregulation and continuing issues......Page 83
5. Conclusion......Page 87
References......Page 89
2. Forms of tendering......Page 92
3. Theoretical evidence on tendering......Page 93
4. Empirical evidence on bus tendering......Page 95
5. Empirical studies of rail tendering/franchising......Page 101
6. Overview......Page 104
7. Conclusions......Page 105
References......Page 107
1. Strategic thinking, competitive advantage, and effective performance......Page 110
2. Promoting a holistic framework: STO......Page 112
3. A useful checklist of broad principles for selecting performance measures......Page 114
4. The traditional dimensions of performance evaluation......Page 115
5. Broadening the performance evaluation framework to capture the spirit of STO......Page 117
6. Conclusion......Page 121
References......Page 122
1. Introduction......Page 124
2. Arguments for and against privatization......Page 125
3. Alternative approaches to privatization......Page 128
4. The success of privatization–the UK experience......Page 134
5. Conclusions......Page 139
References......Page 140
1. Introduction......Page 142
2. Theoretical perspective on coordination......Page 143
3. Historical perspective on the coordination policy......Page 148
4. Coordination of public transport services......Page 154
5. Conclusion......Page 159
References......Page 161
1. Transport systems as integrators......Page 162
2. The features of integrated transport systems......Page 164
3. The difficulties and processes of transport system integration......Page 166
4. The involvement of private agents in integrated transport systems: advantages and difficulties......Page 170
5. The instruments for integration and their deployment......Page 173
6. Conclusions......Page 180
References......Page 181
1. Before mechanical power......Page 184
2. The age of steam......Page 186
3. After the car......Page 188
4. Melbourne case study......Page 190
5. Model applications......Page 192
6. Computing power......Page 193
7. The four-step LUTS......Page 194
8. Further developments......Page 196
9. Problems and solutions......Page 198
References......Page 200
1. Introduction......Page 202
2. A macroscopic perspective......Page 204
3. Microscopic models......Page 208
4. Conclusions......Page 214
References......Page 215
1. Introduction......Page 218
2. Approaches to the analysis of interactions between transport and the economy......Page 222
3. Illustrating the central modeling issues......Page 229
4. The key dimensions......Page 238
5. Different modeling approaches: concrete studies......Page 241
References......Page 248
2. Infrastructure characteristics and policy objectives......Page 252
3. Infrastructure as public utility......Page 255
4. Private finance and provision of infrastructure......Page 257
5. Regulation of infrastructure......Page 259
6. Conclusions......Page 260
References......Page 261
2. The meaning of integration......Page 264
3. Possible integration principles......Page 266
4. The concept of synergy......Page 267
5. The treatment of barriers......Page 268
6. Some examples......Page 270
7. The application of sensitivity analysis......Page 275
8. General design guidance......Page 278
9. Conclusions......Page 279
References......Page 280
2. Background......Page 282
4. Visioning and transportation goals......Page 283
5. Information......Page 287
6. Identify transportation needs......Page 288
7. Develop and evaluate alternatives......Page 290
8. Prepare a long-term plan......Page 294
9. Monitoring and evaluation......Page 296
Appendix......Page 297
References......Page 299
2. Key functional areas of transportation asset management systems......Page 302
3. TAM benefits......Page 303
4. Transportation asset management systems tools......Page 304
5. TAM development in Commonwealth countries......Page 305
6. TAM development in the USA......Page 306
References......Page 309
1. Introduction......Page 312
2. The evidence from past to present......Page 313
3. Financing transport infrastructure via pricing......Page 317
4. Public–private partnership......Page 321
5. Conclusions......Page 323
References......Page 324
2. A banker's view of the transport sector......Page 326
3. How bankers look at projects differently from economists......Page 329
4. Institutional models......Page 331
5. Key issues for governments and bankers......Page 335
6. Financing structures and options......Page 338
7. Why use private sector finance?......Page 346
8. Has private investment in transport infrastructure been successful?......Page 347
9. Trends in transportation finance......Page 348
References......Page 350
1. Introduction......Page 352
2. Regulations governing financial disclosure......Page 353
3. The primary financial statements used in financial analysis......Page 355
5. Financial analysis of TCL and HLY......Page 358
6. Financial ratio analysis......Page 361
7. Conclusions......Page 378
Appendix. Financial statement summaries for TCL and HLY (2000–2002)......Page 380
References......Page 384
1. Introduction......Page 386
2. Instruments for raising and servicing capital......Page 387
3. Capital raising, user charges, risk, and ownership......Page 390
4. Raising capital for new transport infrastructure......Page 392
5. Privatization: re-financing transport infrastructure......Page 397
6. Conclusions......Page 398
References......Page 400
1. The World Bank Group......Page 402
2. Investment project appraisal at the World Bank......Page 406
3. The institutional and policy context......Page 409
4. Focusing on poverty impacts......Page 414
5. Summary......Page 416
References......Page 417
2. The role of non-profit corporations in passenger transportation......Page 418
3. Characteristics of non-profit corporations......Page 420
4. Advantages and disadvantages of the private, non-profit form of organization......Page 421
5. Case studies of non-profits......Page 423
References......Page 429
2. History......Page 432
4. Effects......Page 435
5. Trouble spots......Page 443
6. The future......Page 445
7. Summary and conclusions......Page 446
References......Page 447
2. Classification societies......Page 448
3. Flag states......Page 450
4. Coastal states......Page 452
5. The International Maritime Organization......Page 453
6. The International Labour Organization......Page 458
7. The UN Conference on Trade and Development......Page 459
References......Page 460
1. Introduction......Page 462
2. Inland waterborne transport......Page 463
3. Regulation......Page 465
4. Effectiveness of regulating inland waterborne transport......Page 468
5. Deregulation......Page 469
6. Conclusion......Page 471
References......Page 472
1. Introduction......Page 474
2. Costs in public transport......Page 475
3. Optimal fares in public transport......Page 476
4. Returns to scale in public transport......Page 478
6. The optimal fare and distance......Page 482
7. Summary and discussion......Page 484
References......Page 485
1. Introduction......Page 488
2. Current state of the rail industry......Page 490
3. Conclusions......Page 499
References......Page 500
1. Introduction......Page 504
2. Identifying the captive shipper......Page 507
3. Implications of captivity for pricing and service......Page 510
4. Institutional alternatives......Page 513
References......Page 515
2. Financial versus social costs and benefits......Page 518
4. Relevant costs and benefits......Page 519
5. Market prices and "shadow prices"......Page 520
7. Decision rules......Page 525
9. Multiple period investments and budget constraints......Page 527
10. Risk and uncertainty......Page 528
11. Issues in CBA......Page 529
Appendix. The sequence of investments in the presence of budget constraints......Page 531
References......Page 533
1. Introduction......Page 534
2. Evaluating transport policies......Page 536
3. Multicriteria evaluation methods......Page 539
4. Applications of multicriteria analysis in transportation planning......Page 543
5. Conclusions......Page 550
References......Page 552
1. Introduction......Page 554
2. Defining performance-based contracts......Page 555
3. Examples of the implementation of PBCs: the Hordaland (Norway) and New Zealand models......Page 558
4. A case study: PBCs in Sydney......Page 562
5. Ongoing issues to consider in contracting......Page 570
References......Page 573
1. Introduction......Page 574
2. Measures of financial fitness......Page 575
3. Application of the Altman Z score model to major US airlines......Page 577
4. Causes of the US airline industry's problems......Page 579
5. Other models of forecasting......Page 581
6. Conclusion......Page 585
References......Page 586
1. Introduction......Page 588
2. The social marketing approach (IndiMark)......Page 590
3. The community development approach (Living Neighborhoods/Living Change)......Page 593
4. Evaluating voluntary travel behavior change......Page 596
5. Evaluation of recent VTBC interventions......Page 604
References......Page 605
1. Introduction......Page 608
2. Why walking and cycling are important......Page 609
3. Policies toward non-motorized modes......Page 612
4. Discussion......Page 618
5. Conclusions......Page 621
References......Page 622
1. Introduction......Page 624
2. Predict and provide......Page 625
3. Control......Page 626
4. Flexibility......Page 628
5. Flexibility and the theory of options......Page 631
References......Page 638
1. Background......Page 640
2. Reducing the use of "undesirable" modes......Page 642
3. Positive encouragement of the use of "desirable" modes......Page 647
4. Marketing......Page 651
5. Who can make it happen?......Page 655
6. Conclusion......Page 659
References......Page 660
1. Introduction......Page 662
2. Informing the public......Page 663
3. Pricing strategies......Page 668
4. Market segmentation......Page 672
References......Page 675
1. Introduction......Page 678
2. Federal leadership......Page 679
3. Mainstreaming ITS......Page 684
4. Legal issues......Page 685
5. Road pricing......Page 687
7. Education and training......Page 688
8. Conclusion......Page 689
References......Page 690
1. Introduction......Page 692
2. Optimization......Page 694
3. Application of formal optimization......Page 699
4. Summary and conclusions......Page 709
References......Page 710
2. APEC and transport policy......Page 714
3. APEC structure and operations......Page 716
4. Challenges for APEC......Page 718
5. Transport policy work......Page 719
6. Conclusion......Page 725
Appendix. APEC work on transportation......Page 726
References......Page 730
2. European union......Page 732
3. Transport policy in the Treaty of Rome......Page 734
4. The internal market for the provision of transport services......Page 737
5. Antitrust and state aid in transport......Page 743
6. Infrastructure policy and charging......Page 746
7. The way forward......Page 749
References......Page 751
1. Introduction......Page 752
2. Trends in transport systems and travel......Page 753
3. Shifts in land use patterns......Page 758
4. Transport policies in the socialist era......Page 759
5. Transport policies transformed by fall of Communism......Page 761
6. Problems of modal shift in central Europe......Page 763
7. Further adjustments to transport policies......Page 764
8. Impacts of EU policies on the accession countries......Page 766
9. Conclusions and policy recommendations......Page 767
References......Page 769
1. Introduction......Page 772
2. Transport policy, economic growth and development......Page 774
3. Conclusion......Page 787
References......Page 788
2. Establishment of the US Department of Transportation......Page 790
3. The institutional and decision-making environment......Page 791
4. A comprehensive and coordinated decision-making process......Page 795
5. Major policy issues......Page 796
References......Page 804
1. Introduction......Page 806
2. The geographical, historical, and jurisdictional setting......Page 807
3. The MacPherson Commission and the National Transportation Act 1967......Page 808
4. Developments in transport policy to 2000......Page 810
5. Challenges of Canadian transport policy entering the twenty-first century......Page 820
References......Page 828
2. Transport policy in New Zealand: the 1980s and early 1990s......Page 830
3. Transport policy in New Zealand: into the twenty-first century......Page 835
4. Australian transport policy: the constitutional framework......Page 838
5. Australian transport policy: recent developments......Page 839
6. The way forward......Page 845
References......Page 846
Author Index......Page 848
Subject Index......Page 856