Handbook of the Psychology of Fatherhood

Foreword
The Virtuous Cycle of Progress Toward Understanding Fathers
References
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Theorizing Fathering: Past, Present, and Future
	Impacts of Fathering on Children and Families
		Systemic Approaches
			Systems Theory
			Ecological Theories
		Relational Approaches
			Attachment
			IPARTheory
		Developmental Theories
		Essential Father Theory
	Predictors of Fathering
		Systemic Frameworks
		Developmental Approaches
		Social/Cultural Approaches
			Feminist and Gender Theories
	Conceptualizations of Fathering
		Grounded Theory
		Systemic Theories
		Other Approaches
		Specific Conceptualizations of Fathering
	Future Directions
		Theories to Continue Utilizing
			Family Systems Theory
			Bioecological Systems Theory
			Feminist and Gender Theories
			Father–Child Activation Relationship Theory
		Evolving Beyond the Nurturant Father
		Theories to Explore
			Social Capital Theory
			Critical Theories
			Disability Theories
	Conclusion
	References
Fatherhood Measurement and Assessment
	Should Fathering and Mothering Be Measured the Same Way?
	Fatherhood Across Reporter and Time
	Methods of Measuring Fatherhood
		Likert Scales
		Time-diary
		Observation of Structured Tasks
		In-Depth Interviews and Ethnographic Studies
	Measuring Domains of Fatherhood
		Co-parenting
		Fatherhood Identity
		Nonresident Fathers
	Future Directions and Conclusion
	References
Fathers and Family Systems
	Family Systems Principles
	What Does It Mean to Take a Family Systems Perspective on Fathering?
	Interparental Relationships and Fathering
		Fathering and Marital Relationships
		Fathering and Co-parenting Relationships
		Marital Relationships, Co-parenting Relationships, and Maternal Gatekeeping
		Are Fathers More Vulnerable?
	Parent–Child Relationships and Fathering
		Interdependence of Parent–Child Relationships
		Reciprocal Relations Between Fathers and Children
	Implications
		Parenting Programs for New Fathers
		Parental Leave Policies
	References
Positive Masculinity and Fatherhood
	Positive Masculinity
	Research Support
	Rationale for a Positive-Masculinity Perspective
	Positive Masculinity and Fatherhood
	Critiques of Positive Masculinity
	Positive Psychology
	Positive Psychology and Families
	Positive Psychology and Fatherhood
	Recommendations for Strength-Based Work with Fathers
	Limitations
	Future Directions
	References
Transition to Fatherhood
	The Conceptualization of Fatherhood
		Dad 1.0
		Dad 2.0
		The Perinatal Period: What Kind of Father Will I Be?
		The Postpartum Period: I’m a Father, Now What?
	Assessing Father Involvement with Infants
	Challenges and Supports in the Transition to Fatherhood
		Mental Health and Wellness
		Fathering Modeling and Support
		Work and Family
	Implications and Future Directions
		Perinatal Mental Health
		Father-Focused Parenting Programming
	References
Fathering and Attachment
	Introduction
	Fathering in an Attachment Context: A Theoretical Overview
		Child–Father Attachment: The Basics
		Selected Father-Related Factors Contributing to Child–Father Attachment Quality
			Cultural Perceptions and Expectations: Men and Masculinity
			Fathers’ Attachment- and Caregiving-Related Scripted Knowledge
			Fathers’ Attachment Security
		Child–Father Attachment and Children’s Developmental Outcomes
	Review of the Empirical Literature
		Child–Father Attachment Formation and Quality
		Selected Father-Related Factors Contributing to Child–Father Attachment Quality
			Cultural Perceptions and Expectations: Men and Masculinity
			Fathers’ Attachment- and Caregiving-Related Scripted Knowledge
			Fathers’ Attachment Security
		Child–Father Attachment & Children’s Developmental Outcomes
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Fathering Adolescents and Emerging Adults
	Father–Child Relationships in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
		Attitudes About the Paternal Role
			Measuring Father Involvement Across the Child’s Life Course
			Variability in Father Involvement with Adolescents
			Father Involvement with Emerging Adult Children
			Other Dimensions of Fathering and Child Age
			Overview of Results
		Predicting Father Involvement
			Personal Characteristics
			Fathers’ Relationships
			International Variability
		Fathering and Child Outcomes
			Adolescents
			Emerging Adults
	Discussion and Conclusion
	Application of Results
	References
Fathering Adult Children and Grandfathering
	Fatherhood Across the Lifespan: Adult Children and Grandfathering
	Fathering Role
	Father–Adult Child Relationships
	Intergenerational Ties
	Grandfather Role
	Grandfather–Grandchild Relationships
		Health and Well-Being of Grandfathers
		Additional Theories on Fathering and Grandfathering
	Challenges in Fathering and Grandfathering Research
		Future Directions and Implications
	References
Fathering in Diverse Family Structures: Separation, Divorce, and Stepfamilies
	Family Structure Prevalence and Transitions
	Separated and Divorced Fathers
		Father Involvement
			Resident Versus Nonresident Father Involvement
			Levels and Trends in Nonresident Father Involvement
			Financial Support
			Associations Among Types of Nonresident Father Involvement
			Factors Associated with Father Involvement
		Stepfathers
			The Cultural Context of Stepfathering
			Stepfamily Formation and Relationship Development
			Stepfather Involvement
	Taking Stock of the Existing Research and Implications
	References
Paternal Mental Health in the Perinatal Period
	Men’s Mental Health
	Transition to Fatherhood
	Paternal Peripartum Depression
	Paternal Peripartum Anxiety
	Impact of Paternal Mental Health
	Clinical Implications and Future Directions
	References
Infertility, Grief, and Trauma Related to Fathering
	Infertility
		Causes
		Treatments
		Challenges
		Implications
	Grief
		Findings
		Challenges
		Implications
	Trauma
		Findings
			Childbirth Trauma
			Adverse Childhood Experiences
			Victim-to-Offender Discourse
			Substance Abuse
			War-Related Trauma
		Challenges
		Implications
	Future Directions
	References
Physical Health and Fatherhood
	Fatherhood and Physical Health
		Health and Fertility
		General Health Orientation and Fatherhood
		Physical Activity and Fatherhood
		Testosterone Levels and Fatherhood
		Smoking and Fatherhood
	Alcohol Use
	Substance Use
	Debates and Challenges
	Practical Implications
	Opportunities
	Limitations and Future Directions
	References
Intersectionality Theory and Fatherhood
	Foundations of Intersectionality Theory
		Feminist Theory
		Black Feminist Theory
		Critical Race Theory
		Intersectionality Theory
	Intersectionality and the Fatherhood Literature
	Applying Intersectionality
		Future Research
		Implications for Practice
	Conclusion
	References
The Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Applications to Asian American Fathers
	Overview of Asian Americans in the United States
	The Intersectionality Framework
	Challenges in Father–Child Relationships
		Gaps and Conflicts Linked to Cultural and Intergenerational Issues
		Impacts of AA Father–Child Relationships on Child Outcomes
		Future Research Directions
	Paternal Racial-Ethnic Socialization
		Research Implications and Future Work
	Representations of AA Fathers
		Directions for Future Research
	Policy and Practical Implications
	Conclusions
	References
Cultural and Sociopolitical Influences on African American and Latinx Fathers
	Angelica Alonso and Rachel Ghosh are both third authors. Introduction
	Theoretical Framework and Background
		The Sociocultural Context of Fathers in the United States
	Latinx Fathers
		Latinx Families and Fathering
		Latinx Father Involvement
		Predictors of Latinx Father Involvement
	African American Fathers
		African American Families and Fathering
		African American Father Involvement
		Predictors of African American Father Involvement
	Social Policies That Impact Father Involvement
		Supporting Healthy Marriages
		Responsible Fatherhood Programs
		In-Hospital Paternity Establishment
		Child Support
		Parental Custody
		Parental Leave
		Interventions with Families
	Recommendations for Promoting the Health and Well-Being of Fathers and Their Families from a Cultural Perspective
	References
Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Fatherhood
	Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Fatherhood: An Introduction
		Overarching Theoretical Perspective
	Pathways and Barriers to Parenthood
		Parenthood Route
		Navigating the Gendered Nature of Parenthood
		The Division of Labor
		Parenthood “Roles”
	Parent Socialization Practices
	Child Outcomes
		Gender-Typed Play and Activities
		Psychological Adjustment
		School-Related Outcomes
	Parent Outcomes
		Parenting Stress and Perceived Self-Efficacy
		Relationships with Partners, Friends, and Family
	Broader Community Contexts: Workplaces and Schools
		Workplaces
		Schools
	Future Directions
	Implications for Practice, Policy, and Programs
	Conclusion
	References
Fatherhood and Social Justice: Centering Marginalized Stories
	Fatherhood in Social and Economic Contexts
	Social Justice and Psychology
		Defining Social Justice
		Social Justice Values
		Social Justice and the Decolonization of Psychology
		Social Justice Praxis
		Conclusion: Implications for the Psychology of Fatherhood
		Narratives of Incarcerated Fatherhood
			Father Involvement
			The Sociopolitical Context
			A Deficit-Based View of Incarcerated Fatherhood
			Centering the Voices of Incarcerated Fathers
	Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Military-Connected Fathers
	Introduction
		Military Father Frameworks
		Current State of the Literature
		Beyond the Deployment Cycle
			Benefits of Military Service
			Father Development
		Within the Deployment Cycle
			Predeployment
			Deployment
			Post-deployment
		Programs for Military Fathers
	Implications
		Avoiding a Deficit Perspective
		Systems Approach
		Mental Health
		Programs for Military Fathers
		A Challenging Population to Research
	Future Directions
		Opportunities for Practitioners
		Future Research
		Limitations
	Conclusion
	References
Parenting from Prison: Incarceration and Fatherhood
	Mass Incarceration in the United States
	Incarceration and Families
		Economic Hardship
		Social Support and Stigma
	Incarceration and Fathering
		Paternal Incarceration: Risks to Children
		Inability to Fill Fathering Role Expectations
		Contact and Visiting Experiences
	Implications and Future Directions
	Conclusion
	References
Religion, Spirituality, and Fatherhood
	Religious and Spiritual Influences on Fatherhood
	Fathering and Child Moral Development
	Practical and Clinical Applications
	Conclusions and Future Directions of Research
	References
Parenting Programs for Fathers of Young Children: Lessons from Research and Practice
	Review of Research Findings
		Prenatal to Three Programs
		Preschool-Aged Children
		Implications for Practice
		Implications for Policy
		Future Directions
			A Continuum Model
			Early Intervention Programs for Expectant Fathers
			Training and Support for Practitioner Development
			New Technologies for Delivery of Services to Fathers
			Accountability and Program Support
		Summary
	References
Applying the APA Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Boys and Men to Clinical Work with Fathers
	Introduction
	Masculinity Ideologies and the Gender Role Strain Theories
	Historical Background: Second Wave Feminism
	The APA Guidelines and Research in the Psychology of Men and Masculinities
	APA Guideline on Fatherhood
	Clinical Recommendations
		Healthy Father Involvement
		Problem Solving Barriers at the Individual Level
			The Essential Father Hypothesis
			Gender Role Strain
			Normative Male Alexithymia
		Clinical Tools
			Rapport Building
			Measurement
			Flexibility
			Language
			Case Example
		Problem Solving Barriers at the Systemic Level
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
Index