Futuristic Trends in Numerical Relaying for Transmission Line Protections

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Transmission Line Protection Philosophy
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Transmission Network Protection Schemes
		1.1.2 Necessity of Advanced Power System Protection
	1.2 Traditional Transmission Line Protection
		1.2.1 Time-Graded Protection
		1.2.2 Differential Protection
		1.2.3 Distance Protection
		1.2.4 Carrier-Aided Protection
	1.3 Literature Review
	1.4 Review on Phasor Estimation Techniques
	1.5 Numerical Distance Protection for Fault Context Identification
		1.5.1 Review on Microprocessor-Based Protection Schemes
		1.5.2 Review on Neural Network-Based Protection Schemes
		1.5.3 Review on Traveling-Wave-Based Protection Schemes
		1.5.4 Review on Wavelet Transform-Based Protection Schemes
	1.6 Power Swing Detection Methods
		1.6.1 Review on Power Swing Detection for Uncompensated Transmission Lines
		1.6.2 Review on Power Swing Detection for SCTL
	1.7 Auto-Reclosure Technology Review
2 Transmission Line Protection: Issues and Research Needs
	2.1 Issues in Numerical Distance Relays
		2.1.1 Effect of DC Component
		2.1.2 Fault Inception Angle and Power Flow Angle
		2.1.3 Close-In Fault
		2.1.4 Influence of Fault Resistance
		2.1.5 Load Encroachment and Evaluation of Zone 3 Relay Settings
		2.1.6 Transient Condition and Implementation of Auto-Reclosure
		2.1.7 Effect of Power Swing
		2.1.8 Series Compensation in Transmission Line
	2.2 Objectives of Research
	2.3 Research Plan
3 Adaptive Numerical Distance Relaying Scheme
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Phasor Estimation Techniques
		3.2.1 Discrete Fourier Transform
		3.2.2 Modified Full-Cycle Discrete Fourier Transform
	3.3 System Modeling for Proposed Relaying Scheme
	3.4 Proposed Methodology for Transmission Line Protection
		3.4.1 Phasor Estimation Using MFCDFT
		3.4.2 Impedance Reach Determination
		3.4.3 Relay Settings for Protection Zones
		3.4.4 Adaptive Slope Tracking Method
	3.5 Validation of Proposed Technique
		3.5.1 Results of Phasor Estimation
		3.5.2 Performance Evaluation of the Proposed Algorithm
		3.5.3 Fault Classification
		3.5.4 Fault Location Estimation
		3.5.5 Fault Cases with CT Saturation
	3.6 Advantages of Proposed Algorithm
	3.7 Outcome of Proposed Technique
4 Discrimination Between Power Swing and Line Fault Based on Voltage and Reactive Power Sensitivity
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 System Modeling
	4.3 Power Swing Detection: Problems and Remedies
		4.3.1 Problem Description
		4.3.2 Proposed Method for Power Swing Detection
	4.4 Simulation Results and Discussions
		4.4.1 Power Swing Cases Due to Electrical Load Switching
		4.4.2 Power Swing Cases Due to Mechanical Disturbances
		4.4.3 Fault Simulation on Protected Line (L2)
		4.4.4 Fault Cases During Power Swing
		4.4.5 Power Swing Cases Due to Post-Fault Isolation on Line L1
		4.4.6 Relay Backup for the Fault on Parallel Transmission Line
	4.5 Research Outcome of Proposed Technique
5 Sequence-Space-Aided Disturbance Classifier Scheme Based on Support Vector Machine
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 System Modeling
	5.3 Sequence-Space-Based SVM Classifier Scheme
	5.4 Tenfold Cross-Validation
	5.5 Data Mining Using SVM Classifier for Power Swing Cases
		5.5.1 Power Swing Due to Load Switching
		5.5.2 Power Swing Due to Mechanical Disturbances
		5.5.3 Power Swing Due to Fault Isolation on Adjacent Line
		5.5.4 Power Swing Due to Adjacent Line Switching
	5.6 Data Mining Using SVM Classifier for Fault Cases
		5.6.1 Solid Faults on Transmission Line
		5.6.2 Faults During Power Swing
	5.7 Result Discussions
		5.7.1 Power Swing Detection
		5.7.2 Validation for Fault Cases
		5.7.3 Validation for Fault During Power Swing
	5.8 Comparative Analysis
	5.9 Effective Outcome
6 Auto-Reclosing Scheme with Adaptive Dead Time Control Based on Synchro-Check Principle
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 System Modeling
	6.3 Proposed Fault Detection and Auto-Reclosing Technique
	6.4 Hardware Implementation
	6.5 Validation of Proposed Algorithm Using Simulation
		6.5.1 Validation for Transient Faults
		6.5.2 Validation for Permanent Fault
	6.6 Emulation of Proposed Algorithm
	6.7 Research Outcome of Proposed Auto-Reclosing Scheme
	Appendix: System Parameters During Modeling in PSCAD
7 Summary of Proposed Work
	7.1 General
	7.2 Summary of Research Work
	7.3 Scope of Future Research
References