ENHANCING ACCESS TO AND SHARING OF DATA : reconciling risks and benefits for data re-use... across societies.

Foreword
List of acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure
Executive summary
1.  Introduction
	Barriers to data access, sharing and re-use
	Objectives and structure
	Implications for public policies and business strategies on data access and sharing
	References
	Notes
2.  Understanding enhanced access to and sharing of data
	Different types of data and access control mechanisms
		Personal data and the degrees of identifiability: Reflecting the risk of harm
		The overlapping domains of data: Reflecting the various stakeholder interests
		The manner data originates: Reflecting the contribution to data creation
		Data-access control mechanisms: Protecting the interests of data holders
			(Ad-hoc) downloads
			Application programming interfaces
			Data sandboxes for trusted access and re-use of sensitive and proprietary data
	Main types of actors and their roles
		Data holders and controllers
		Data users
		Data intermediaries
			(Research) data repositories
			Data brokers and data marketplaces
			Personal information management systems and personal data stores
			Trusted third parties
	Approaches to access and sharing and their degree of openness
		Contractual agreements and data markets
		Open data
		Data portability
		Other restricted data-sharing arrangements
			Data-sharing partnerships (including data public-private partnerships)
			Data for social-good initiatives
	References
	Notes
3.  Economic and social benefits of data access and sharing
	Impact assessment studies on the economic and social benefits
		Enhancing access to public-sector data
		Enhancing access to and sharing of public and private-sector data
	Main categories of economic and social benefits
		Transparency, accountability and empowerment of users
		Business opportunities including for data intermediaries and start-ups
		Co-operation and competition across sectors and countries
		Crowdsourcing new insights and user-driven innovation
		Increased efficiency across society through data linkage and integration
	References
	Notes
4.  Risks and challenges of data access and sharing
	Need for balancing the benefits of data “openness” with other legitimate interests, policy objectives and risks
		Digital security risks and confidentiality breaches in particular
			Digital security risks of more data openness
			Increasing impact of (personal) data breaches
		The violation of privacy, intellectual property rights and other interests
			Violations of agreed terms and of expectations in data re-use
			Loss of control over data and the role of consent
			Limitations of anonymisation and the increasing power of data analytics
		The difficulty of applying a risk management approach
			Low adoption of digital risk management practices in organisations
			Challenges of managing the risks to third parties
		Barriers to cross-border data access and sharing
			Transparency in regulations affecting cross-border data access and sharing
			Discrimination between foreign and domestic entities
			Towards the interoperability of existing legal and regulatory frameworks
	Trust and empowerment for the effective re-use of data across society
		Supporting and engaging communities of stakeholders
			The costs of facilitating and engaging communities of stakeholders
			Anti-competitive data-sharing agreements (collusion)
		Capacity building: Fostering data-related infrastructures and skills
			Data-related skills and competences
			Data processing and analytic infrastructures
		Lack of common standards for data sharing and re-use
			Interoperability: Facilitating the interconnection and interaction of social systems
			The standard-setting role of data intermediaries
		Data quality
	Misaligned incentives, and limitations of current business models and markets
		Externalities of data sharing and re-use and the misaligned incentives
		Limitations of current business models and data markets
			Lack of transparency and the limitations of market-based pricing
			Unmet demand for data and challenges in sustaining the provision of open data
		The risks of mandatory access to data
		Uncertainties about “data ownership”
			The role of intellectual property rights
			The co-existence of privacy protection frameworks
			The intricate net of existing legal frameworks and the freedom to contract
			Public-private partnership and the implications on data ownership
			Data commons: The governance of shared resources of common interests
	References
	Notes
5.  Policy initiatives enhancing data access and sharing
	Governments leading by example in enhancing access to and sharing of public-sector data
		Access to open government data and public-sector information
		Facilitating data sharing within the public sector
		Geospatial and transportation data: A highly valued public-sector data
	Facilitating or regulating data access and sharing within the private sector
		Voluntary and collaborative approaches
			Contract guidelines and principles
			Data (sharing) partnerships including PPPs
		Data portability
		Data of public interest
	Increasing data analytic capacities across society
		Supporting the development of data-related skills and infrastructures
		Establishing and collaborating with data analytic support centres
		Supporting innovation and R&D in data analytics and related technologies
	Achieving greater policy coherence through national and sectoral data strategies
	References
	Notes
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