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دانلود کتاب Encyclopedia of Cryptography, Security and Privacy
دانلود کتاب دائر ycl المعارف رمزنگاری ، امنیت و حریم خصوصی
مشخصات کتاب
Encyclopedia of Cryptography, Security and Privacy
ویرایش: 3 نویسندگان: Sushil Jajodia (editor), Pierangela Samarati (editor), Moti Yung (editor) سری: ISBN (شابک) : 3030715205, 9783030715229 ناشر: Springer سال نشر: 2024 تعداد صفحات: 2864 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 66 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 78,000
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Preface Acknowledgments About the Editors Section Editors List of Contributors A 5G A5/1 Definition Background Theory Description of the Running-Key Generator Attacks on A5/1 Cross-References Recommended Reading ABAC ABE Abuse Abuse of Trust Access and Adversary Structure Definition Theory Cross-References References Access Control Access Control for Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definition Background Traditional Access Control Models Advanced Access Control Models Open Problems and Future Directions References Access Control Policies, Models, and Mechanisms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Access Control Rules Access Limitation Access Matrix Definition Background Theory and Application Cross-References References Access Pattern Synonyms Definition Background Applications Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Access Rights Accountability Accountability for Cyber-Physical Systems Definition Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Accountable and Traceable ABE Accountable and Traceable Attribute Based Encryption Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Acquirer Definition Recommended Reading Acronym (DGA) Active Authentication Adaptation Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext Attack Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Adaptive Chosen Plaintext and Chosen Ciphertext Attack Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Adaptive Chosen Plaintext Attack Definition Cross-References Adaptive Control Framework (ACF) Adaptive Cyber Defense Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Administrative Policies Definitions Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Administrative Policies in SQL Synonyms Definition Application Cross-References References Advanced Encryption Standard Advanced Hash Competition Advanced Persistent Threats Synonyms Definition Background Common Characteristics of APT Attack Campaigns Open Problems and Future Directions References Adversarial and Trustworthy AI Synonyms Definition Background Evasion Attacks Adversarial Inputs Universal Perturbations Data Poisoning Attacks Trustworthy AI Robust ML Open Problems and Future Directions References Adversarial Artificial Intelligence (AI) Adversarial Machine Learning (AML) Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Adversarial/External Knowledge (Privacy in the Presence of) Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Adware AES Aggregate Signatures Definition Applications Recommended Reading Agility Aging of Biometric Traits Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Summary Cross-References References AHS Competition/SHA-3 Synonyms Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading AI Act AI and Big Data Analytics for Network Security Definition Background (Historical Data Optional) Applications and Use Cases Open Problems and Future Directions Description of New Trends/Unsolved Problems References AI Approaches in Steganalysis Research Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions References AI Data Poisoning AI in Intrusion Detection AI: Artificial Intelligence Air Traffic Management Security Alberti Encryption Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Algebraic Immunity of Boolean Functions Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Algebraic Number Field Algebraic Side-Channel Attack Synonyms Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Algorithmic Complexity Attacks Algorithmic DoS Synonyms Definition Background Theory Impact Solutions Applications Recommended Reading Algorithm-Substitution Attack Alias Alphabet Definition Background Cross-References Recommended Reading Amplification DoS Attacks Synonyms Definitions Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References An Economic View of Privacy Paradox Anamorphic Cryptography Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Android\'s Security Framework–Understanding the Security of Mobile Phone Platforms Synonyms Definition Background Application Runtime Environment Permission Model Application Storage Cross-References References Anomalous Binary Curves Anomaly Detection Anomaly Detection for CPS Anonymity Definition Theory Applications Cross-References References Anonymity in Data Mining Anonymity in OSNs Synonyms Definitions Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Anonymization of Aggregated Location Information Anonymization of Aggregated Mobility Data Anonymization of Personal Data (Legal Perspective) Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Anonymous Attribute-Based Encryption Anonymous Communications over Delay Tolerant Networks Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Anonymous Communications over Blockchain Technology Synonyms Definitions Background Application Mixing Services Noninteractive Zero-Knowledge Proof Ring Signature Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Anonymous Web Browsing and Publishing Definition Theory Applications Open Problems Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Anthropometric Authentication Anthropometrics Anthropometry Anti-DoS Cookies Anti-jamming Strategy Antispam Based on Sender Reputation Antivirus Application Permissions Application-Level Denial of Service Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems Cross-References References Applications Applications of Formal Methods to Intrusion Detection Definition Background Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Applications of Formal Methods to Web Application Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Applications of Rank-Metric Codes Applied Cryptography APT Attack APT Campaigns APT: Advanced Persistent Threat Arguments for Privacy Regulations ARIA Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading ARP Poison Routing (APR) ARP Poisoning ARP Spoofing Synonyms Definition Background Theory Mitigation External Solutions Cryptographic Solutions Cross-References Recommended Reading Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) Explainability Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) and the GDPR Synonyms Definition Background Theory Title I: General Provisions Title II: Prohibited Artificial Intelligence Practices Title III: High-Risk AI Systems Title IV: Transparency Obligations for Certain AI Systems Title V: Measures in Support of Innovation Title VI: Governance Title VII: EU Database for Stand-Alone High-Risk AI Systems Title VIII: Post-Market Monitoring, Information Sharing, and Market Surveillance Title IX: Codes of Conduct Title X: Confidentiality and Penalties Title XI: Delegation of Power and Committee Procedure Title XII: Final Provisions Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Artificial Intelligence Data Poisoning ASCA Assumptions Definition Theory Unconditional and Quantum Security Conditional Security Cross-References References Asymmetric Cryptosystem Synonyms Definition Theory Application Cross-References Asymmetric Setting for Searchable Encryption Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Parties Algorithms Security Notions Search Capabilities Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Asynchronous Consensus Asynchronous Stream Cipher Attachment Attack by Summation over a Hypercube Attack Detection for Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definition Introduction Theory or Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Attack Evasion Attack Graphs Definitions Background Theory and Application References Attack Response Attack Traceability Synonyms Definitions Background Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Attacker Models for Location Privacy Definition Background Discussion & Open Issues Cross-References References Attacks on Wi-Fi Availability Attestation Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Attribute Based Encryption with Access Policy Hiding Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References References Attribute Certificate Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Attribute-Based Access Control Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Concepts Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Attribute-Based Encryption Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Attribute-Based Encryption with Offline Computation and Outsourced Decryption Definition Access Structures Linear Secret Sharing Schemes Background ABE with Offline Computation KP-ABE with Offline Encryption CP-ABE with Offline Encryption ABE with Outsourced Decryption Open Problems and Future Directions References Attribute-Based Encryption with Searchable Encryption Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References References Attribute-Based Encryption with Updatable Access Policy Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References References Attribute-Based Keyword Search over Encrypted Data Attribute-Based Signatures Auditability Authenticated Data Feed Authenticated Encryption Introduction Background Security Associated Data Provable Security AE Schemes Conventions Generic Composition Security Performance Associated Data Can We Do Better? Single-Pass Combined Modes IAPM Comments on IAPM XCBC and OCB Associated Data Intellectual Property Two-Pass Combined Modes CCM Mode CCM Is Parameterized Comments on CCM EAX Mode CWC Mode AE Primitives Helix SOBER-128 Beyond AE and AEAD Cross-References Notes on References Recommended Reading Authentication Authentication (General Methods) Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Experimental Results Cross-References References Authentication for Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definitions Background Application Sensor Authentication Actuator Authentication Process Authentication PLC Authentication Control Logic Authentication Open Problems and Future Directions References Authentication Token Synonyms Related Concepts and Keywords Definition Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Authentication, from an Information Theoretic Perspective Synonyms Definition Background Theory Recommended Reading Authorization Authorizations Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Advanced Authorizations Cross-References References Autocorrelation Definition Application Cross-References Recommended Reading Autograph Autonomous Cyber Response Autotomic Signatures Definition Availability Definition Theory B Bank Card Barrett\'s Algorithm Definition Recommended Reading Barter Base Beaufort Encryption Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Behavioral Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Bell–La Padula Model Synonyms Definition Background Theory First Volume: “Secure Computer Systems: Mathematical Foundations” (Bell and La Padula 1973) Second Volume: “Secure Computer Systems: A Mathematical Model” (La Padula and Bell 1973) Third Volume: “Secure Computer Systems: Refinement of the Mathematical Model” (Bell 1973a) Fourth Volume: “Secure Computer Systems: Unified Exposition and MulticsInterpretation” (Bell and La Padula 1975) Later Developments Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Berlekamp Q-matrix Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Berlekamp–Massey Algorithm Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Biba Model Synonyms Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Big Number Multiplication Big Number Squaring Bilinear Pairings Binary Euclidean Algorithm Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Binary Exponentiation Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Binary Functions Binary GCD Algorithm Binding Pattern Binomial Distribution Definition Theory Applications Bioinformatics Biometric Authentication Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Biometric Cryptosystems Biometric Detectors Biometric Encryption Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Security Data Representation Real-World Performance and Deployment References Biometric Ethics Biometric Fusion Biometric Identification Errors Biometric Identification in Video Surveillance Biometric Information Ethics Biometric Key Generation Biometric Keys Biometric Matching Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Biometric Passport Security Biometric Performance Evaluation Biometric Performance Measurement Biometric Privacy Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Classification of the Biometric Privacy Risks Best Practice for Privacy Assessment in Biometrics Template Protection Template Transformations Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Biometric Recognition Biometric Recognition Errors Synonyms Definitions Background Biometric Verification and Identification Evolution Errors of a Biometric System Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Biometric Sample Quality Synonyms Definitions Biometric Sample Quality for Different Biometric Modalities Quality-Based Score Normalisation References Biometric Scanners Biometric Sensors Synonyms Definition Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Biometric Social Responsibility and Supply Chain Implications Synonyms Introduction Definition Background Consumer Relationship Management Supply Chain Management (SCM) Trust Aspects Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as Strategy CSR Policy Development Applications and Future Directions References Biometric Spoofing and Its Evaluation Synonyms Definitions Background Evolution Errors of a Biometric System: Matching and Spoofing Detection Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Biometric Spoofing Evaluation Biometric Standards Definition Background Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) Application Biometric Systems (INCITS/ISO/IEC 19794-1:2011 2018) Types of Biometric Standards Future Directions References Biometric Systems Evaluation Synonyms Definitions Background Types of Evaluation Evolution Theory and Application Technology Evaluation Scenario Evaluation Operational Evaluation Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Biometric Testing Biometric Transducers Biometric Verification Errors Biometrics Biometrics (Synthetic, Artificial, Inverse, Recognition, Privacy, Forensics, Social Responsibility) Biometrics Attacks Biometrics for Authentication Biometrics for Enrolment Biometrics for Forensics Synonyms Definition Background Theory Forensic Science Computational Biometrics Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Biometrics for Identity Management Synonyms Definition Background Theory or Application or Both Biometrics in Identity Management Biometrics and Authentication Modalities and Maintenance Storage of Biometric Reference Use Cases Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Biometrics for Wearable Devices Background Application Wearable Constraints Wearable Authentication Case Study with NetHealth Biometric Dataset NetHealth Dataset Feature Engineering and Modeling Case Study Findings Open Problems and Future Directions Summary References Biometrics in Ambient Intelligence Related Concepts Definition Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Summary Cross-References References Biometrics in Border Control Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Summary Reference Biometrics in Video Surveillance Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems Noncooperative User Behavior Low Image Resolution Image Blur Interlacing in Video Images Cross-References Recommended Reading Biometrics Security Synonyms Definitions Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Biometrics Vulnerabilities Biometrics: Terms and Definitions Definition Background Theory Biometric Systems Privacy Application Open Problems and Future Directions Summary References BIOS Basic Input Output System Birthday Paradox Definition Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Bitcoin Definition Background Limitations, Mitigations, and Future directions Cross-References References Black Box Algorithms Black Hat Hacker Blackmailing Attacks Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Blind Signature Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Blinding Blinding Techniques Synonyms Definitions Theory and Application Cross-References References Block Ciphers Definition Background Theory Recommended Reading Blowfish Cross-References Recommended Reading BLP BLP Model BLS Short Digital Signatures Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Bluetooth Insecurity Bluetooth Security Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Secure Simple Pairing LE Legacy Pairing BR/EDR Legacy Pairing Applications Cross-References References Blum Integer Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Blum–Blum–Shub Pseudorandom Bit Generator Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Blum–Goldwasser Public Key Encryption System Definition Theory Cross-References References Boolean Functions Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Boolean Interrogations on Encrypted Data Boomerang Attack Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Botnet Detection in Enterprise Networks Background Theory and Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Broadcast Authentication from a Conditional Perspective Synonyms Definition Background Theory Solutions Using Symmetric Cryptography Solutions Using Asymmetric Cryptography Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Broadcast Authentication from an Information Theoretic Perspective Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Broadcast Encryption Definition Background Theory Constructions Fiat–Naor Construction Logical Key Hierarchy Subset Difference References Broadcast Stream Authentication Browser Cookie BSP Board Support Package Buffer Overflow Attacks Synonyms Definition Background Application Open Problems Recommended Reading Buffer Overrun Bytecode Verification Definition Background Applications Recommended Reading Byzantine Agreement Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References C C2 – Block Cipher Definition Background Theory Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading C2/CnC: Command and Control Cæsar Cipher Definition Background Cross-References Recommended Reading Camellia Cross-References Recommended Reading Camouflage Cascade Revoke Cast Cross-References Recommended Reading Cayley Hash Functions Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References References CBC-MAC and Variants Definition Background Theory Simple CBC-MAC Variants of CBC-MAC Standardization Cross-References Recommended Reading CCIT2-CodeFriedrich L. Bauer: deceased. Definition Recommended Reading CDH Cellular Network Security Cellular Privacy Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References (Centralized) Multi-authority Attribute-Based Encryption Certificate Definition Background Applications Cross-References References Certificate Management Related Concepts Definition Certificate of Primality Synonyms Definition Cross-References Certificate Revocation Definition Applications Periodic Publication Mechanisms Online Query Mechanisms Other Revocation Options Cross-References References Certificateless Cryptography Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading Certification Authority Synonyms Definition Background Deployment Results Cross-References References Certified Mail Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Chaffing and Winnowing Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions References Challenge-Response Authentication Challenge-Response Identification Synonyms Related Concepts Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Challenge-Response Protocol Chaum Blind Signature Scheme Definitions Theory Cross-References References Chemical Combinatorial Attack Definition Experimental Results Recommended Reading Chinese Remainder Theorem Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Chinese Wall Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Chip Card Chosen Ciphertext Attack Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Chosen Plaintext and Chosen Ciphertext Attack Definition Cross-References Chosen Plaintext Attack Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Chosen-Prefix Attack Chromosome Chroot Jail Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Chroot Prison Ciphertext-Only Attack Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Ciphertext-Policy ABE Clark and Wilson Model Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Classical Cryptosystem Claw-Free Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading CLEFIA Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Client Puzzles Cliptography Clock-Controlled Generator Definition Background Theory Applications Example: The Alternating Step Generator Cross-References Recommended Reading Closest Vector Problem Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Cloud Security CMAC Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading CMVP—Cryptographic Module Validation Program Code Verification Code-Based Cryptography Definition Applications Cross-References References Codebook Attack Definition Applications Cross-References Cognitive Style Collaborative DoS Defenses Definition Background Applications Attack Response Approaches Attack Prevention Approaches Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Collective Behavior Collective Privacy Collective Remote Attestation Collision Attack Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Collision Fault Analysis Collision Resistance Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Combination Generator Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Commercial Off-the-Shelf Commitment Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Commitment Schemes Common Criteria Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Acronyms Open Problems Recommended Reading Common Criteria, from a Security Policies Perspective Synonyms Definition Background Theory Evaluated Product Security Requirements Security Evaluation Applications Open Problems References Communication Channel Anonymity Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Complexity Theory Compliance Fatigue Compositeness Test Compromising Emanations Computational Complexity Synonyms Definition Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Computational Diffie-Hellman Problem Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Bit Security of the Diffie-Hellman Secret Key Number Theoretic and Algebraic Properties Cross-References Recommended Reading Computational Puzzles Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading Computational Versus Unconditional Security Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Computationally Sound Proof System Conceptual Design of Secure Databases Synonyms Definition Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Conceptual Modeling Conditional k-Anonymity for Multidimensional Data Conditional Lower Bounds for Oblivious RAM Introduction Background The ORAM Model Conditional Lower Bounds The Boyle–Naor Lower Bound: Offline ORAM (Without Balls-and-Bins) The Weiss–Wichs Lower Bound: Online Read-Only ORAM Cross-References References Conference Key Agreement Conference Keying Confidential Data Storage Synonyms Definition Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Confidential Queries for Encrypted Relational DBMS Synonyms Definitions Private Queries Through Multilayered Encryption Private Queries Through Searchable Symmetric Encryption Private Queries Mediated by Trusted Hardware Cross-References References Confidential Storage Confidentiality Configuration Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Confirmer Signatures Consensus Consistency Verification of Security Policy Contactless Cards Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Contactless Palmprint Biometrics Content-Based and View-Based Access Control Definition Background Theory View Authorization Content-Based Authorization Row-Level Security Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Context-Awareness Context-Based Micro-training Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Continuous Authentication Synonyms Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Summary Cross-References References Contract Signing Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Control Vector Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Recommended Reading Controlled Data Sharing in DOSNs Conventional Cryptosystem Cookie Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading Coprime Copy Protection Definition Theory and Applications Open Problems Recommended Reading Corporations Correcting-Block Attack Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Correlation Attack for Stream Ciphers Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Correlation Immune and Resilient Boolean Functions Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Countermeasure Identification Cover Story Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Covert Channels Definition Theory Cross-References References Covert Channels over Wi-Fi Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Application References CPS CPS Forensics CPS, Certificate Practice Statement Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading CPU Consumption CPU Denial of Service Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Recommended Reading CPU Starvation Cramer–Shoup Public-Key System Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Credential Vaulting Synonyms Definition The Application Future Directions References Credential Verification Credential-Based Access Control Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Critical Infrastructure Cross Site Scripting Attacks Synonyms Definition Theory Recommended Reading Cross-Chains Cross-Correlation Definition Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading CRT Cryptanalysis Definition Applications Statistical Approaches to Classical Cryptosystems Cross-References Recommended Reading Crypto Machines Definition Applications*-7pt Cross-References Recommended Reading Cryptographic Algorithm Evaluation Cryptographic Credentials Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Cryptographic Obfuscation Cryptographic Protocol Verification Cryptographic Puzzles Cryptographic Subversion Attack Cryptographically Enforced Dynamic Access Control Cryptography on Reconfigurable Devices Cryptology Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Cryptophthora Synonyms Definition Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Cryptosystem Definition Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading CRYPTREC (Japanese Cryptographic Algorithm Evaluation Project) Synonyms Definition Background Applications Overview History Open Problems (Future Schedules) Other Activities Cross-References Recommended Reading CTI: Cyber Threat Intelligence Cube Attack Synonyms Related Concepts Definition Background Theory Scenario of the Cube Attack Applications References Cut-and-Choose Protocol Definition Background Cross-References Recommended Reading CVE-2017-5715 CVE-2017-5753 CVE-2017-5754 Cyber Attack Insurance/Protection Cyber Awareness Cyber Bonds Cyber Crime Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Theft Disruption Manipulation Hybrid Activity Open Problems and Future Directions References Cyber Crime Insurance/Protection Cyber Deception Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Offensive Deception Defensive Deception Deception for Encouragement Deception for Discouragement The Costs of Deception The Ethics of Deception Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber Deception Engineering Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber Derivatives Cyber Forensics for Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Cyber Insurance Cyber Insurance and Security Investment Strategy Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Modeling Cyber Risks Pricing Cyber Insurance Contracts Cyber Insurance and Security Investment Decisions Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber Insurance: Models and Challenges Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Actuarial Model for Pricing Cyber Insurance Nonactuarial Model for Risk Management Open Problems and Future Directions References Cyber Ransom Cyber Risk Assessment Cyber Risk Insurance, Lessons Learned So Far Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Research Trends Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber Risk Measurement Cyber Risk Protection Cyber Risk Quantification Synonyms Definition Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber Risk Transfer Cyber Risk, Risk Transfer, and Financial Innovation Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber Security Insurance Models Cyber Security Insurance/Protection Cyber Security Liability Insurance/Protection Cyber Situational Awareness Definition Background Theory Cyber SA Data Triaging Systems Desirable Cyber SA Capabilities Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber Threat Intelligence Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyberattacks in Wireless IoT Systems Cyber-Insurance Economics Cyber-Insurance Market Synonyms Definition Historical Background A Techno-Economic Overview Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber-Insurance: Past, Present and Future Definitions Outline Background Advantages Key Challenges References Cyber-Liability Economics Cyber-Physical Range Cyber-Physical System Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Cyber-Physical Systems Governance Cyber-Physical Systems Security Cyberpsychology Cybersecurity Awareness Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Cybersecurity Awareness in Practice Open Problems and Future directions Cross-References References Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model Cybersecurity Insurance Cybersecurity Knowledge Cybersecurity of the Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) Synonyms Definition Background Theory Future Directions Cross-References References Cybersecurity Skills Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Technical Skills Domain-Aligned Offensive-v-Defensive Security Cloud-Native Skills Developer Skills Process Skills People Skills Security Awareness Pragmatic Security Executive Reporting and Metrics Open Problems and Future Directions The Cybersecurity Skills Shortage Cross-References References Cyclic Codes Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading D DAC Data Act Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Data Anonymization Data Breach Data Breach Impacts Data Encryption Data Encryption Standard (DES) Background Definition Theory Cryptanalysis of DES Extensions of DES Cross-References Recommended Reading Data Exfiltration Synonyms Definitions Background Theory/Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Data Extrusion Data Governance Act (DGA) Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Data Leakage Data Linkage Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Data Mining (Privacy in) Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Algorithms Applications Medical Databases Bioterrorism Applications Homeland Security Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Data Poisoning Attacks in Machine Learning Synonyms Definition Background Theory Threat Model (A subsection of Theory) Data Governance Scenarios (A subsection of Theory) Attack Models (A subsection of Theory) Defense Strategies (A subsection of Theory) Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Data Privacy Regulations Data Protection by Design Data Protection by Design and by Default (DPbDD) Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future directions Cross-References References Data Protection Regulations Data Remanence Definition Application References Data Theft Database Administration Policies Database Encryption Synonyms Definition Theory Encryption Level Encryption Algorithm and Mode of Operation Key Management Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading Database Governance Policies Database Management Guidelines Database Operational Policies Database Protection Data-Oblivious Shuffle Davies-Meyer Definition Background Theory Cross-References References DDH Problem De Bruijn Sequence Definition Theory and Application Cross-References Recommended Reading Decentralized (Multi-authority) Attribute-Based Encryption Decentralized Access Control Decentralized Digital Identity Decentralized Identity for IoT Systems Synonyms Definition Background Theory Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) Example Scenario Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Decentralized Trust Management Deception Deceptive Software and Networks Decisional Diffie–Hellman Problem Synonyms Definition Background Theory Candidate Groups Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Decoding Algorithms Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Cross-References Recommended Reading Decryption Exponent Synonyms Definition Cross-References Deduplication of Encrypted Data Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References References Deep Learning Deniable Encryption Definition Theory Cross-References References Denial of Service (DoS) Denial-of-Service Detection Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Host Monitors Network Monitors Attack Detection Based on Observation of a Single Packet Stream Deployment Issues: LAN Versus Network Edge Versus Tier-1 ISP Collaborative Detection Attacks Targeting Defenses Attacks Targeting Vulnerabilities of Critical Infrastructure Experimental Results Open Problems and Future Directions Recommended Reading Deobfuscating Malware De-obfuscation Dependency Graphs Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Derived Key Synonyms Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Designated Confirmer Signature Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Designated Verifier Proofs Cross-References References De-skewing DES-X (or DESX) Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Detection and Threat-Hunting Approaches for Advanced Persistent Threats Synonyms Definition Background Application APT Detection Mechanisms Forensic Analysis and Threat Hunting of APTs Open Problems and Future Directions References Detection-Based Countermeasure Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Detection-Based Countermeasures Redundancy in Hardware Redundancy in Time Redundancy in Information Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Detector Placement Strategies Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Game-Theoretic Approaches Graph-Theoretic Approaches Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Developer-Centred Security Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Device Pairing DH Key Agreement DHP Dictionary Attack Definition Application Cross-References References Dictionary Attack (I) Definition Theory Cross-References Differential Cryptanalysis Cross-References Recommended Reading Differential Fault Analysis Synonyms Definitions Background Analyzing Block Ciphers Analyzing Public-Key Algorithms Countermeasures Cross-References References Differential Power Analysis Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Differential Privacy Synonyms Definition Background Theory Achieving Differential Privacy Applications Experimental Results Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading Differential Privacy for Location-Based Systems -Differential Privacy Differential–Linear Attack Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Differentially Oblivious Algorithms Differentially Private Oblivious RAM Differentially Private ORAM Synonyms Definition Theory Open Problems Cross-References References Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Diffie–Hellman Key Exchange Diffie-Hellman Problem Digest Authentication Digital Certificate Digital Control Digital Crime Digital Forensic Readiness Digital Forensics for CPS Digital Signature Scheme Based on McEliece Definition Theory General Idea Signature Scheme Using Complete Decoding Signature Scheme Using a Counter Security and Practice Security Signature Size Cross-References Recommended Reading Digital Signature Schemes Definition Theory Cross-References References Digital Signature Schemes from Codes Definition Theory Stern Identification Scheme and Signature General Idea Description The Fiat-Shamir Paradigm Variations on the Scheme The Kababtiansky-Krouk-Smeets Scheme General Idea The Protocol Security Specialized Signatures Identity-Based Signature Ring Signature Cross-References Recommended Reading Digital Signature Standard Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Digital Steganography Definition Background Theory Security Definition Information-Theoretically Secure Steganography Computationally Secure Steganography Public-Key Steganography Cross-References Recommended Reading Dining Cryptographers (DC) Network Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References References Direct Anonymous Attestation Definition Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Disclosure Window Discrete Logarithm Problem Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Experimental Results Open Problems Cross-References References Discretionary Access Control (DAC) Policies Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Vulnerabilities of the Discretionary Policies Cross-References References Distinguishing Attacks Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Distributed Differential Privacy Distributed Identity Distributed Oblivious RAM Synonyms Definition Background Theory Model and Definition The Hierarchical Approach Tree-Based Schemes Optimizing Communication Using Server-Side Computation References Distributed Oblivious Transfer Definitions Theory Cross-References References Divide-and-Conquer Side-Channel Attacks Definitions Background Theory and Application Diffusion Property Divide-and-Conquer Methodology Attack Output Asymmetric Cryptography Open Problems and Future Directions References and Citations Citations Cross-References References DLP DNA Synonyms *-12pt Background Theory and Applications DNA Fingerprinting Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Satellite DNA Enzymes Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools Public Databases CODIS System GenBank EMBL DDBJ Open Problems The Drawbacks of DNA Profiling Privacy Issues Recommended Reading DNS-Based Botnet Detection Definition Background Theory and Application Cross-References Recommended Reading DoS Attacks in Wi-Fi Networks Synonyms Definitions Background Application Reactive Jamming Channel Estimation Jamming Interleaving Jamming Medium Access Control (MAC) Attacks Rate Adaptation Algorithms (RAA) Attacks Link Layer Attacks Network-Level Cascading Attacks DoS for Evil Twins Friendly Jamming Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References DoS Pushback Definition Introduction Theory Pushback Mechanism Open Problems Discussion Recommended Reading Doubly Efficient Private Information Retrieval Definitions Background Theory Formal Definition Syntax Correctness Double Efficiency Security Definitional Variants Public Client Malicious Preprocessing Security Transparent Preprocessing Candidate Constructions Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References DPA Duplication Dynamic Access Control Using Identity-Based Encryption Synonyms Definition Background Security Analysis Efficiency Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Dynamic Analysis Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Dynamic Defenses Dynamic Malware Analysis Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Cross-References Recommended Reading Dynamic Program Analysis Dynamic Root of Trust Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Dynamic Separation of Duties E E0 Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Ear Biometrics Ears in Biometrics and Identity Science Synonyms Definition Background History of Ear Biometrics Ear Anatomy Ear Recognition Holistic Approaches Local Approaches Geometric Approaches Hybrid Approaches Deep Learning Identity Science and Ear Biometrics Gender Classification from Ear Images Other Information Open Problems and Future Directions References Eavesdropping Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading ECC ECG Authentication ECG Biometrics Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References ECG Identification ECG Verification ECM Economics of Cybercrime: Identity Theft and Fraud Synonyms Definitions Background Collection of Identity Theft and Fraud Data Agency Data Surveys Interviews News Stories Reports from Affected Organizations Anecdotal Information Open Problems and Future Directions References Economics of Information Sharing Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Information Sharing Among Firms Sharing Security Information Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Economics of Personal Data Definitions Background Theory and Application Personal Data as an Asset Fair Usage of Personal Data Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Economics of Privacy and Personal Data Synonyms Definition Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Economics of Privacy and the Paradox of Privacy Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Economics of Privacy: Privacy, a Machine Learning Perspective Synonyms Definitions Background Application Economics of Privacy Open Problems and Future Directions References Economics of Software Vulnerability Markets Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Standardization Market Characteristics Open Problems and Future Directions References Economics of Surveillance Synonyms Definitions Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References ECPP Edwards Coordinates Edwards Curves Synonyms Definition Background Applications Theory Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading EEG Biometrics Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Efficiency of Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptosystems e-Government Electrocardiogram-Based Biometrics Electromagnetic Attack Definition Introduction Background History Theory Principles Advantages Context Countermeasures Conclusion Cross-References Recommended Reading Electro-Magnetic Fingerprinting Electromagnetic Security Electronic Cash Definition Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Editorial Note References Electronic Check Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Electronic Crime Electronic Payment Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Electronic Postage Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Editorial Note Recommended Reading Electronic Purse Electronic Voting Schemes Definition Background Theory Discussion References Electronic Wallet Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Editorial Note Recommended Reading ElGamal Digital Signature Scheme Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading ElGamal Encryption ElGamal Public Key Encryption Synonyms Definition Theory Cross-References References Elliptic Curve Cryptography Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem Definition Background Theory Pollard\'s Rho Method Index-Calculus Methods Special-Purpose Algorithms Attack on Prime-Field Anomalous Curves Weil and Tate Pairing Attacks Weil Descent Cross-References References Elliptic Curve Isogenies Definition Applications Theory Vélu\'s Formulas Endomorphism Ring References Elliptic Curve Key Agreement Schemes Definition Background Application Cross-References References Elliptic Curve Keys Definition Background Application Cross-References References Elliptic Curve Method for Factoring Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Experimental Results Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Elliptic Curve Point Multiplication Using Halving Definition Background Point Halving Trace computations Solving the quadratic equation Computing square roots Point Multiplication Summary References Elliptic Curve Public-Key Encryption Schemes Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Elliptic Curve Signature Schemes Definition Background Application Cross-References References Elliptic Curve Trace computation Elliptic Curves Definition Background Theory Simplified Weierstrass Equation Group Law Group Law for E/F:y2=x3+ax+b, char(F) ≠2,3 Group Law for E/F:y2+xy=x3+ax2+b, char(F) = 2 Group Order Group Structure Example Cross-References References Elliptic Curves for Primality Proving Synonyms Definition Background Theory Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading EMV Definition Background Application: The EMV Architecture The Transaction Flow Offline Data Authentication (Offline CAM) Online Card Authentication Cardholder Verification Method Terminal and Card Risk Management Approved Algorithms Cross-References Recommended Reading Encapsulation Encoding Encrypted Data Deduplication Encrypted Data Indexing Encrypted Keyword Index Encrypted Ranked Search Encrypted Relational Databases Definitions Background Design Principles Cross-References References Encrypted Search on Secure Enclaves Encryption Encryption – Historical Perspective Definition Example Cross-References Editorial Note Recommended Reading Encryption Exponent Synonyms Definition Cross-References Endowment Effect Synonyms Definitions Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Enigma Definition Background Theory (of Encryption and Cryptoanalysis) Cross-References Recommended Reading Entity Authentication Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Entity Authentication Protocol Entity Resolution Entropy Sources Definition Background Theory Entropy Density Entropy Definition Attack Models Model 1 Model 2 Entropy Pool Architecture Entropy Compression Entropy Extraction Experimental Results Open Problems and Future Direction Cross-References Recommended Reading ePassport Security Error-Correcting Cyclic Codes Error-Correction Decoding Escrow Service Ethical Aspects of Biometrics Ethical Implications of Biometrics Ethics of Biometrics Synonyms Definition Background Human Dignity Surveillance Privacy and Data Protection Open Problems Summary References Euclidean Algorithm Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Euclidean Lattice Euclids Algorithm Euler\'s Totient Function Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Everywhere Second Preimage Resistant Hash Function (ESEC) Evolution of Fault Attacks on Cryptosystems Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Fault-Induced Information Leakage Fault Injection Techniques Countermeasures Automated Tools Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Exhaustive Key Search Introduction History Modern Block Ciphers Countermeasures Frequent Key Changes Eliminate Known Plaintext Different Modes of Encryption Extensive Key Setup All-or-Nothing Encryption Related Attacks Conclusion Cross-References Recommended Reading Existential Forgery of Digital Signatures Definition Applications Recommended Reading Explainable AI Explainable Artificial Intelligence Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Explaining for the Paradoxical Behavior in Privacy Choices Exploit and Vulnerability Trade Exploit Dependency Graphs Exploit Pricing Exponential Key Exchange Exponential Time Definition Theory Applications Cross-References 2k-Ary Exponentiation Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Exponentiation Algorithms Definition Background Theory General Exponentiation Fixed-Base Exponentiation Fixed-Exponent Exponentiation Applications Cross-References Exposure Exposure-Resilient Cryptography Extend and Prune Side-Channel Attacks Definitions Background Theory an Application Elliptic Curve Cryptography Extend and Prune Methodology Applications: Attack Literature Open Problems and Future Directions References and Citations Citations Cross-References References Extended Euclidean Algorithm Extension Field Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Eye Region Eye-Based Vascular Biometrics Eye-Based Vascular Patterns Synonyms Definitions Background Commercial Systems Open problems and Future directions Mobile and On-the-Move Acquisition Disease Impact and (Template) Privacy Real-world Performance and Deployment References Eye-Based Vascular Recognition F 3D Face Synonyms Definitions Theory and Application 3D Face Representation 3D Face Acquisition 3D Face Recognition Systems Open Problems and Future Directions Summary Cross-References References Face Association Face Depth Map Face Detection Face Identification Face Mesh Face Morphable Model Face Recognition from Still Images and Video Synonyms Definition Background Datasets Face Detection and Alignment Feature Representation Face Association Theory and Applications Loss Function Applications Open Problems References Face Recognition Under Atmospheric Turbulence Face Tracking Face Verification Facial Recognition Factor Base Definition Applications Cross-References Factorization Circuits Definition Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Fail-Stop Signature Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading Fair Exchange Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Fake Biometrics False Data Filtering False Data Injection Defense Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems Recommended Reading Fast Correlation Attack Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Fault Analysis Fault Attack Definition Introduction Fault Injection Fault Exploitation Cross-References Recommended Reading Fault Countermeasures Fault Detection Fault Diagnosis in Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Discrimination of Various Types of Faults Distinguishing Faults from Malicious Attacks Automated Decision-Making for Large-Scale CPS Systems References Fault Identification in Cyber-Physical Systems Fault Injection Fault Injection Attacks Fault Isolation Fault Sensitivity Analysis Definitions Introduction FSA Attack on AES Countermeasure References Fault Tolerance in Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definitions Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References FEAL Cross-References Recommended Reading Fear Appeals Feistel Cipher Definition Theory Cross-References Fermat Primality Test Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Fermat Test Fermat\'s Little Theorem Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Field Definition Theory Applications Cross-References File System Permissions Filter Generator Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Financial Innovation Finger Back Surface Identification Finger Dorsal Patterns Identification Finger Knuckle Patterns Recognition Finger Knuckle Print Recognition Synonyms Definition Background Theory Characteristics of FKP Images Construction of FKP Systems Application 2D FKP Recognition 3D FKP Recognition Open Problems and Future Directions References Finger Knuckle Surface Authentication Finger Surface Identification Finger Vein Definitions Background Applications Finger Vein Capture Devices Biometric Recognition Presentation Attack Detection Biometric Template Protection Finger Vein Quality Commercial Use Open Problems and Future Directions References Finger Vein Recognition Fingerprint Definition Background Theory Fingerprint Images Fingerprint Analysis Fingerprint Matching Security and Privacy in Fingerprint Recognition Systems Open Problems and Future Directions Summary References 3D Fingerprint Synonyms Definitions Background Theory 3D Fingerprint Reconstruction 3D Fingerprint Recognition Open Problems and Future Directions Summary References Fingerprint Authentication 3D Fingerprint Recognition 3D Fingerprint Reconstruction Fingerprinting Definition Background Theory Fingerprinting of Digital Data Fingerprinting of Analog Data Cross-References Recommended Reading Finite Field Definition Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading FIPS 140-2 Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Acronyms Cross-References Recommended Reading Firewall Definition Theory Additional Definitions Recommended Reading Firewall Policy Analysis Firewalls Synonyms Definition Background Complexity of Managing Network Access Control Polices Network Access Control Background Theory and Applications Modeling of Rule Relations Classification of Access-List Conflicts Intra-Policy Access-List Conflicts Inter-Policy Access-List Conflicts Classification of Map-List Conflicts Overlapping-Session Conflicts Multi-Transform Conflicts Open Problems Experimental Results Recommended Reading Fixed Window Exponentiation Fixed-Base Exponentiation Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Fixed-Exponent Exponentiation Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Flexible Authorization Framework (FAF) Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Flow Blocking Flow Policies Forensic Psychology Forensic Readiness Forensics Analysis for CPS Forged Resets Forgery of Digital Signatures Definition Theory References Formal Analysis of Cryptographic Protocols Synonyms Related Concepts Definition Background Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Formal Analysis of Cryptographic APIs Related Concepts Definition Background Applications References Formal Methods Formal Methods and Access Control Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Formal Methods for the Orange Book Synonyms Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Formal Methods in Certification and Evaluation Synonyms Definition Background A Key Distinction Used Is in the Common Criteria Applications and Experiments Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Formal Verification of Cryptosystems Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems Cross-References References Forward Secrecy FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array FPGA Security Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References FPGA Trust FPGAs in Cryptography Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems Recommended Reading Fraud Fresh Re-keying Definitions Theory Application Time-Memory Trade-Off Attacks Side-Channel Attacks The Choice for g Cross-References References Frictionless User Authentication Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Function Field Sieve Definition Background Theory Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Functional Safety Fuzzy (Similarity) Search on Encrypted Data Fuzzy Search on Encrypted Data Fuzzy Searchable Encryption Synonyms Related Concepts Definition Background Solutions Open Problems Cross References References G Gait Biometrics Gait Forensics Gait Recognition Synonyms Definitions Background Algorithms Segmentation Time Series Features Global Features Matching Benchmark Datasets and Performance Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Galois Counter Mode Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Galois Message Authentication Code Gap Definition Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading GCD GCM GDPR Gene General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Synonyms Definition Background Theory Chapter I: General provisions Chapter II: Principles Chapter III: Rights of the Data Subject Chapter IV: Controller and Processor Chapter V: Transfer of Personal Data to Third Countries or Internal Organizations Chapter VI: Independent Supervisory Authorities Chapter VII: Cooperation and Consistency Chapter VIII: Remedies, Liability, and Penalties Chapter IX: Provisions Relating to Specific Processing Situation Chapter X: Delegated Acts and Implementing Acts Chapter XI: Final Provisions Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Generalized Mersenne Prime Definition Applications Recommended Reading Generator Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Generic Attacks Against DLP Synonyms Definition Background Theory Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Generic Group/Ring Model Definition Cross-References References Genetic Code Genome Privacy Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Genomics Geo-Indistinguishability Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Geometry of Numbers Geoprivacy Geo-Social Networks (Privacy of) Geo-Social Networks Privacy Synonyms Definitions Background Privacy Violations in geoSNs Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References GMAC Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading GMR Signature Definition Background Theory Recommended Reading Goldwasser–Micali Encryption Scheme Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Golomb\'s Randomness Postulates Definition Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading GOST Cross-References Recommended Reading Governance in Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions References GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) Synonyms Definition Background Application Cross-References References Grant Statement Definitions Theory Cross-References References Graph Anonymization Graphical Authentication Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Greatest Common Divisor Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References Greatest Common Factor Gröbner Basis Synonyms Definition Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Group Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Group Attestation Group Behavior in Cybersecurity Synonyms Definition Background: Group Behavior Theory: Threshold Models of Collective Behavior Application: Example in Cybersecurity Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Group Key Agreement Synonyms Definition Background Requirements Private Group Key Agreement for Small Groups Authenticated Group Key Agreement, Provable Security Authenticated Group Key Agreement: Robustness Against Insider Attacks Group Key Agreement for Large Groups Applications of GKA Cross-References Recommended Reading Group Key Distribution Group Key Exchange Group Privacy Group Signatures Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading H HABE Hacking the Human Hall Sensor Security, The Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Hall Sensor Basics Distinct Types of Batk Generation of Batk An Experimental Case Study Results Defense Shielding Robust Sensors Open Problems and Future Directions References Hand Geometry Biometrics Hand Geometry Recognition Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Hand Shape Biometrics Hand Vein Recognition Hand-Based Vascular Biometrics Hand-Based Vascular Patterns Synonyms Definitions Background Commercial Systems Open Problems and Future Directions Mobile and On-the-Move Acquisition Disease Impact and (Template) Privacy Real-World Performance and Deployment References Hand-Based Vascular Recognition Handwriting Handwriting Analysis Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading Hard-Core Bit Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Hardware Backdoor Hardware Considerations for Post-quantum Cryptography Hardware Implementation Explorations of Post-quantum Cryptographic Primitives Hardware Intellectual Property Protection Hardware Intellectual Property Reverse Engineering Hardware Obfuscation Hardware Obfuscation and Logic Locking Synonyms Definitions Background Application Obfuscation Techniques Attacks on Obfuscation Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Hardware Security Hardware Security in Cyber-Physical Systems Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Hardware Security in the Age of Machine Learning Synonyms Definition Background Application Machine Learning and Hardware for Security Machine Learning and Security of Hardware Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Hardware Security Module Background Theory Useful Links Definitions (Extracted from ISO 15408) Tamper Evidence Requirement Tamper Resistance Requirements Cross-References Hardware Trojan Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Hardware Trojan Horse Hardware Trojans Hardware-Induced Covert Channels in Wireless Networks: Risks and Remedies Synonyms Definitions Background Covert Channel Attacks in Wireless Networks Baseband Attack Analog/RF Trojan Hardware Trojan Defense Solutions Channel Noise Profiling Adaptive Channel Estimation (ACE) Open Problems and Future Directions Formal Metric Extension to Future Wireless Networks Covert Channel Prevention References Hash Agility Definition Background Theory and Applications Protocols and Applications Devices TPMs and Hash Agility Key Storage Platform Control Registers Certificate Chains Cross-References Recommended Reading Hash Chain Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Hash Functions Introduction One-Way Hash Function (OWHF) Collision Resistant Hash Function (CRHF) Relation Between Definitions Black-Box Attacks on Hash Functions Black-Box Attacks on the Compression Function Attacks Dependent on the Internal Details of the Compression Function Attacks Dependent on the Interaction with the Signature Scheme Custom Designed Hash Functions Hash Functions Based on a Block Cipher Hash Functions Based on Algebraic Structures Recommended Reading Hash Tree Hash-Based Message Authentication Code Hash-Based Signatures Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Header Injections Header-Based Attacks Synonyms Definition Background Theory Header Attacks Below the Application Layer Header Attacks at the Application Layer Level Applications Recommended Reading Herding Behavior Heredity HIBE Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption and Attribute-Based Encryption Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions References Hierarchical ORAM Constructions Definition Background Theory Memory Organization Accessing Virtual Words Merging and Remapping Layers Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References High Assurance Evaluation Methods Higher Order Derivative Attack Hippocratic Database Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Recommended Reading History-Based Separation of Duties HMAC Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open problems Cross-References References Homomorphic Cryptosystems Homomorphism Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Horizontal Scaling HRU Background Definition Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading HTTP Authentication Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading HTTP Basic Authentication HTTP Cookie HTTP Digest Access Authentication Scheme HTTP Digest Authentication Synonyms Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading HTTP Session Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading HTTPS, HTTP Over TLS Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Human Factors in Secure Software Development Human Rights and Cybersecurity Definition Theory Future Directions Cross-References References Human Security Behavior Hybrid Cyber Range Synonyms Definitions Background Hybrid Cyber Range Functionalities Open Problems and Future Directions References Hybrid Encryption Definition Background Theory Another Direction Without Random Oracle Cross-References References Hyperelliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (HECDLP) Hyperelliptic Curve Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Generic Methods Index Calculus Methods Curves of Large Genus Curves of Small Genus Curves Over Field Extensions Special-Purpose Algorithms Weil and Tate Pairing Attacks Weil Descent Curve Mappings Cross-References References Hyperelliptic Curves Synonyms Definition Theory General Curve Isomorphisms Group Law Group Order and Structure Examples First Example Second Example Cross-References References Hyperelliptic Curves Performance Synonyms Definition Background Application and Experimental Results Curves Over Prime Fields Curves Over Binary Fields Cross-References References I IBE IBE: Identity-Based Encryption IBS: Identity-Based Signature IC Integrated Circuit IC-Integrated Circuit ICS ID-Based Encryption Idea Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Identification Definition Theory Identity Uniqueness Authorities for Naming and Authentication Cross-References References Identifier Identity Authentication Identity Management Related Concepts Definition Background Theory Applications Experimental Results Open Problems and Future Directions References Identity Management for Cyber-Physical Systems Definitions Background Application Open problems and Future directions Cross-References References Identity Proof Identity Theft Identity Verification Protocol Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References References Identity-Based Cryptosystems Synonyms Definition Background Theory Identity-Based Signatures Generic IBS from Any Signature The Guillou–Quisquater IBS The Bellare–Namprempre–Neven IBS Other IBS Schemes Based on Specific Number Theoretic Assumptions Identity-Based Encryption from Quadratic Residuosity: The Cocks IBE Cross-References Recommended Reading Identity Based Encryption Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Application References Identity-Based Encryption: Historical Perspective and Hierarchical Systems Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References References IDS Deployment IDS: Intrusion Detection System IFA IIoT ILS Impacts of Information Privacy Violations Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Impersonation Impersonation Attack Synonyms Definition Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading Implicit Authentication Implicit Key Authentication Impossible Differential Attack Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Incentives for Distributed Ledgers Definition Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Incident Analysis Index Calculus Method Definition Theory Applications Implementation Choice and Complexity Estimate Variants of the Algorithm Index Calculus Using the Number Field Sieve Index Calculus and Elliptic Curves Cross-References Recommended Reading Indistinguishability of Encryptions -Indistinguishability Industrial Control Network Industrial Control Systems Industrial Internet Industrial Internet of Things Synonyms Definition Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Industry 4.0 Ineffective Fault Attack Synonyms Definitions Background Theory/Application/Both Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Infection Risk Prediction and Management Synonyms Definitions Background Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Infective Countermeasures Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Inference Attacks Inference Control Definitions Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Information Assurance Information Cascades Information Disclosure Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open problems and Future directions Cross-References References Information Economics Information Flow and Noninterference Synonyms Definitions Background Theory The Lattice Model Noninterference Transitive and Intransitive Flow Dealing with Nondeterminism Verification and Refinement Other Variants Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Information Flow Policies Synonyms Definitions Theory Security Domains and Levels Specifying Security Requirements Declassification and Endorsement Application Cross-References References Information Integrity Information Leakage Information Privacy Requirements Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Information Privacy Awareness Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Information Privacy Costs Information Privacy Law Information Security (InfoSec) Information Security Awareness Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Information Security Culture Synonyms Definition Background Theory Definition Dominant and Subcultures Factors that Influence the Information Security Culture Measuring the Information Security Culture Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Information Security Management System Information Security Policy Adherence Information Security Policy Compliance Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Information Security Policy Compliance Capacities Information Security Policy Compliance Competences Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Information Security Policy Compliance Competency Information Security Risk Treatment Synonyms Definition Theory References Information Security Skills Information Theoretic Model Information Theory Shannon\'s Main Theorem Cross-References Recommended Reading Information-Flow Security Initial Coin Offering Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Initial Token Distributions Initial Trust Establishment Insider Attack Insider Problem Insider Threat Synonyms Definition Theory and Application Prediction Detection Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Insider Threat Defense Definition Background Theory Experimental Results Open Problems Recommended Reading Instant Disclosure Integer Factoring Definition Background Theory and Applications Methods for Integer Factorization Establishing Compositeness Distinct Factors Repeated Factors Trial Division Pollard\'s rho Method Pollard\'s p − 1 Method Generalizations of Pollard\'s p − 1 Method Usage of “Strong Primes” in RSA Cycling Attacks Against RSA Elliptic Curve Method for Factoring Fermat\'s Method and Congruence of Squares The Morrison–Brillhart Approach Matrix Step Dixon\'s Random Squares Method Continued Fraction Method (CFRAC) Note on the Size of RSA Moduli Linear Sieve Quadratic Sieve Number Field Sieve Cross-References Recommended Reading Integrated Circuit Integrated Circuit Card Integrity and Encryption Integrity Model Intellectual Property Intelligence Distribution to Prevent Attacks Interactive Argument Synonyms Interactive Proof References Interactive Proof Synonyms Cross-References References Interactive Proof Systems Interactive Theorem Proving and Security Interactive Verification Interactive Verification of Security Properties Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Interception Interconnection Interdependent Location Privacy Synonyms Definitions Background Discussion Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Interdependent Privacy (IDP) Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Statistical Inference Game Theory Cryptography and Access Control Communication Privacy Management (CPM) Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Internet Fraud Interpolation Attack Cross-References Recommended Reading Intrusion Detection in Ad Hoc Networks Definition Background Theory Applications Experimental Results Open Problems Recommended Reading Intrusion Tolerance Invasive Attacks Definition Background Smart Card Security Overview of Attacks on Smart Cards Social Attacks Logical Attacks Invasive Attacks Access to Silicon Delayering Block Localization Memory Content Extraction ROM RAM EEPROM or FLASH Bus Localization Chip Probing Chip Modification Protection Against Physical Attacks Conclusion Inverse Biometrics: Privacy, Risks, and Trust Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Privacy, Risk, and Trust Applications Summary Open Problems References Inversion Attack Definition Theory Original Inversion Attack Generalized Inversion Attack Cross-References Recommended Reading Inversion in Finite Fields and Rings Synonyms Definition Theory Extended Euclidean Algorithm Fermat\'s Little Theorem Look-Up Tables Reduction to Subfield Inversion Direct Inversion Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Inversion in Galois Fields IOC: Indicators of Compromise iOS Security Framework: Understanding the Security of Mobile Phone Platforms Synonyms Definition Background Application App Development App Runtime Protecting User Data Cross-References References IP Traceback Definition Background Theory Return Packets In-Net State Packet Marking Experimental Results Open Problems Recommended Reading IP: Internet Protocol IPES Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading IPsec Definition Background Theory IPsec Components Packet Processing Key Exchange IPsec and NAT Policy and Configuration Recommended Reading IPSec Policy Analysis Iris Recognition Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Irreducible Polynomial Definition Theory Cross-References ISMS: A Management Framework for Information Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading ISO 15408 CC – Common Criteria ISO 19790 2006 Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules ISO/IEC 15408 ISO/IEC 27001 ISO-9796 Signature Standards Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading Issuer Definition Recommended Reading IT Forensic Readiness Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Itoh–Tsujii Inversion AlgorithmWork done while the author was at Philips Research, The Netherlands Definition Related Concepts Theory Optimizations and Applications Recommended Reading IT-Security Capability Maturity Model J Jacobi Symbol Background Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Jamming Attack Defense Synonyms Definitions Background Spread spectrum techniques Theory and Applications Jamming Attack Defense in the Physical Layer Power control Jamming Attack Defense in the Link Layer and Layers Above Error-correcting code Link-layer channel adaptation Spatial retreats Convert timing channels Jamming-resilient multipath routing Open Problems and Future Directions References Jamming Resistance Definition Background Theory Recommended Reading K k-Anonymity Definitions Background Theory and Application Generalization and Suppression Algorithms for Enforcing k-Anonymity Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Karatsuba Algorithm Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Kasumi/Misty1 Cross-References Recommended Reading Keeloq Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Kerberos Synonyms Definition Background *-10pt Weaknesses and Limitations Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Kerberos Authentication Protocol Related Concepts Definition Background Applications References Kerckhoffs Law Kerckhoffs\' Principle Synonyms Definition Background Recommended Reading Key Definition Background Cross-References Recommended Reading Key Agreement Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Key Authentication Synonyms Related Concepts Definition Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Key Encrypting Key (KEK) Key Encryption Key Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Key Enumeration Synonyms Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Key Escrow Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Key Generation Using Physical Properties of Wireless Communication Definition Background Theory Open Problems Experimental Results Recommended Reading Key Life Cycle Management Key Management Synonyms Definition Background Theory Symmetric or Secret Key Cryptography Background Initialization Distribution Cancellation Summary and Observations Asymmetric or Public Key Cryptography Initialization Distribution Cancellation Summary and Observations Open Problems Cross-References References Key Recovery Key Search with Hints Key Variation Keyboard Dynamics Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Experimental Results Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Keylogging Synonyms Definition Application References Key-Policy ABE Keystream Keystroke Biometrics Keystroke Dynamics Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Keystroke Logging Kleptographic Attack Kleptography Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References km-Anonymity Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Knapsack Cryptographic Schemes Definition Relevance to Modern Public Key Systems Introduction The Cryptographic Knapsack Scheme: An Introduction The Encryption in Additive Knapsack Schemes The Decryption The Merkle–Hellman Trapdoor A Survey of the History of the Cryptographic Knapsack The Trials to Avoid Weaknesses and Attacks for the Class of Usual Knapsacks The Case of Usual Knapsacks with Other Encryption Functions The Multiplicative Knapsack Scheme and Its History The Trapdoor Knapsack Schemes to Protect Signatures and Authenticity Some Details The Existence of Infinitely Many Decryption Keys The LLL Algorithm The Use of the LLL Algorithm in Brickell\'s Low Dense Attack Conclusion Cross-References References Known Plaintext Attack Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Koblitz Elliptic Curves Synonyms Definition Background Application Cross-References References L Lamport One-Time Signatures Late Launch Lattice Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Lattice Basis Reduction Lattice Reduction Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Lattice-Based Cryptography Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Layer-2 Protocol Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Payment & State Channels Operator/Client Protocols Optimistic OCPs OCPs with Non-Interactive Proofs Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References LCM -Diversity Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Leakage Resilience Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Leakage-Resilient Cryptography Least Common Multiple Synonyms Definition Theory Cross-References Least Privilege Synonyms Definition Theory Cross-References References Ledger Consensus Legendre Symbol Background Definition Theory Cross-References Lemming Effect Levels of Trust Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Level 1 Trust (Very Low Risk of Compromise) Level 2 Trust (Low Risk of Compromise) Level 3 Trust (Medium Risk of Compromise) Level 4 Trust (High Risk of Compromise) Level 5 Trust (Very High Risk of Compromise) Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading LFSR Linear Complexity Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Linear Congruential Generator Definition Example Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Linear Consistency Attack Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Linear Cryptanalysis for Block Ciphers Definition Background Theory Outline of a Linear Attack Piling-up Lemma Matsui\'s Search for the Best Approximations Linear Hulls Provable Security Against Linear Cryptanalysis Comparison with Differential Cryptanalysis Extensions Cross-References Recommended Reading Linear Cryptanalysis for Stream Ciphers Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Linear Feedback Shift Register Synonyms Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Linear Syndrome Attack Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading List Decoding Liveness Detection L Notation Definition Theory Cross-References Location Information (Privacy of) Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Location Privacy Location Privacy in Ride-Hailing Service Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions References Location Privacy in Social Networks Location Privacy in Wireless Networks Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Location Privacy Metrics Location Privacy Protection in Ride-Hailing Service Location Privacy Quantification Location Semantics Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Logic Bomb Definition Background Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Logic Decryption Logic Locking Logic-Based Policy Languages Related Concepts and Keywords Definition Background Theory Implementations Open Problems and Future Directions References Longest Chain Protocol Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Longhand Lower Bound for the Bandwidth Cost of Oblivious RAMs Luby-Rackoff Ciphers Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading M MAA Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References MAC Algorithms Introduction Definition Security of MAC Algorithms Forgery Attack Key Recovery Attack Brute Force Key Search MAC Guessing Attack Internal Collision Attack on Iterated MAC Algorithms Weaknesses of the Algorithm Practical MAC Algorithms Based on Block Ciphers Based on Cryptographic Hash Functions Dedicated MAC Algorithms Cross-References Recommended Reading Machine Learning Machine Learning (Data Mining) for Privacy Policy Summarization Machine Learning for Attack Detection Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Machine Learning in Secured Computing Definitions Background Theory and Applications Classical Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning Deep Learning Emerging Machine Learning Framework Open Issues and Future Directions Cross-References References Machine Readable Travel Document Security Macrodata Disclosure Limitation Macrodata Disclosure Protection Macrodata Protection Synonyms Definition Background Theory Discovering sensitive cells Protecting sensitive cells Application Cross-References References Malicious Circuit Malicious Cryptography Maliciously Modified Set of Administrative Tools Malware Malware Behavior Clustering Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Malware Detection Synonyms Definition Background Rapid Releases of Malware Variants Poly- and Metamorphic Malware Theory and Applications Signature Matching Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Cross-References Recommended Reading Managing and Monitoring Social Network Privacy Policies Synonyms Introduction Potential Policy Misconfigurations Proposed Treemap-Based Visualization Conclusion and Future Directions References Mandatory Access Control (MAC) Policies Definition Theory Cross-References References Maneuvering Man-in-the-Middle and Relay Attack Definition Theory Experimental Results References Manipulation Detection Code-2 Manipulation Detection Code-4 MARS Cross-References Recommended Reading MASH Hash Functions (Modular Arithmetic Secure Hash) Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Masking Countermeasure Synonyms Definition Theory Masking in Practice Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Master Key Synonyms Definition Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Maurers Algorithm Maurer\'s Method Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Maximal-Length Sequences Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Maxims Cross-References Recommended Reading McEliece Public Key Cryptosystem Definition Theory General Idea Description Security and Practice Security Reduction Best Known Attacks System Implementation Recommended Reading MD4 Hash Function MD4-MD5 Synonyms Definition Theory Description Applications Attacks Attacks on the Short Output Length Collision Attacks Preimage Attacks Attacks on Concatenated Combiners Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading MD5 Hash Function MDC-2 and MDC-4 Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Measurement Models of Software Security Measuring Location Privacy Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Error-Based Metrics Uncertainty-Based Metrics Information Gain Metrics Success-Based Metrics Time-/Distance-Based Metrics Indistinguishability Metrics Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Mechanized Theorem Proving Meet-in-the-Middle Attack Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Melbourne Shuffle, The Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Shuffle Pass The Melbourne Shuffle Security Performance Further Information Cross-References References Meltdown Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Meltdown Attack Membership Inference Attacks in Machine Learning Synonyms Definition Background Theory Threat Model Data Governance Scenarios Attack Models Defense Strategies Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Memory and State Exhaustion Denial of Service Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Memory and State Exhaustion DoS Memory Overflow Merkle Trees Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Integrity Verification Merkle Tree Applications Cross-References References Merkle-Hash-Trees Signatures Mersenne Prime Definition Background Applications Message Authentication Algorithm Message-Locked Encryption Metrics of Software Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Measurements and Qualitative Models Defense Patterns, Attack Patterns, and Related Measurements Attack Trees Toward Quantitative Predictive Models Probability-Based and Reliability-Like Models Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Meyer-Schilling Hash Functions MIA Microdata Anonymization Techniques Microdata Disclosure Limitation Microdata Disclosure Protection Microdata Masking Techniques Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Microdata Protection Synonyms Definition Background Theory Classification of microdata disclosure protection techniques Assessing microdata confidentiality and utility Application Open problems Cross-References References Microdata Statistical Disclosure Control Milieu Miller–Rabin Probabilistic Primality Test Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Miller-Rabin Test MILS Minimal Polynomial Definition Cross-References Minimal Privilege m-Invariance Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading MIPS-Year Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Miss-in-the-Middle Attack Definition Background Cross-References Recommended Reading MITRE ATT&CK: MITRE Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge Mix Networks Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Cryptographic Unlinkability of Messages Strategies for Reordering Messages Anonymous Routing Open Problems and Future Directions Tradeoffs Between Anonymity, Latency and Traffic Volume Statistical Disclosure Attacks Key Distribution and Management Unobservability and Undetectability Applications Cross-References References MixSlice Definition Background Theory Access Management Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Mixnets Mix-Nets Mix-Zones in Wireless Mobile Networks Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References ML Data Poisoning ML Membership Inference ML-Sequence Mobile Application Security Mobile Device Security Mobile Payments Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading Mobile Platform Security Mobile Wallet Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Modes of Operation of a Block Cipher Cross-References Recommended Reading Modular Arithmetic Synonyms Definition Background Theory Introduction Modular Arithmetic Operations Multiplicative Groups and Euler\'s ϕ Function Prime Fields Cross-References Recommended Reading Modular Root Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Modulus Definition Background Cross-References Monitor Placement Strategy Monitoring Monotone Signatures Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Montgomery Arithmetic Definition Background Theory Introduction Montgomery Exponentiation Efficient Montgomery Multiplication Application to Finite Fields Secure Montgomery Multiplication Cross-References Recommended Reading Moore\'s Law Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Moving Target Defense Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Moving Target Techniques MPKC MQ m-sequence Multi-authority and Decentralized Attribute-Based Encryption Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Multibiometrics Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Multicast Authentication Multicast Stream Authentication Multi-client Oblivious RAM Synonyms Definitions The Role of Each Entity Security Related Notions Efficiency Design Challenge Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Multidimensional Databases Multi-Exponentiation Multifactor Authentication Multilevel DBMS Definitions Theory Application Cross-References References Multilevel Security Policies Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Multiparty ComputationEditors\' note: Due to the increased set of applications of privacy enhancing technologies, designing more efficient multiparty computation protocols, improving both fundamental methods and implementations has been an area of extensive research since 2010. Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Multiparty Privacy Multiple Encryption Definition Cross-References Multiple Independent Levels of Security Synonyms Definition Background Applications MILS Principles Cross-References Recommended Reading Multiplicative Knapsack Cryptosystem Definition Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Multiprecision Multiplication Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading Multiprecision Squaring Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Multi-Reader-Multi-Writer Searchable Encryption Multi-Reader-Single-Writer Searchable Encryption Multi-Server Oblivious RAM Multiset Attack Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Multi-Subject Privacy Multi-Threaded Implementation for Cryptography and Cryptanalysis Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Multi-User Keyword Search in Encrypted Database Multi-User Searchable Encryption Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Multivariate Cryptography Synonyms Definition Background Theory Variants (Perturbations) Applications C and SFLASH HFE and QUARTZ UOV Rainbow/TTS “Medium-Sized” Extension Fields and IFS Implementations Open Problems Cross-References References Multivariate Quadratic Public-Key Cryptosystem (MQPKC) N Naccache–Stern Higher Residues Cryptosystem Definition Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Nakamoto Style Consensus Protocol Near Field Communication Nearest Vector Problem Needham–Schroeder Protocols Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References NESSIE Project Synonyms Definition Background Theory The NESSIE Call The Evaluation Process Security Evaluation Performance Evaluation Tools The NESSIE Submissions Response to the NESSIE Call Selection for Phase II The NESSIE Portfolio Conclusion Cross-References References Network Attack Graphs Network Bandwidth Denial of Service (DoS) Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems Cross-References Network Capabilities Definition Background Theory Bootstrap Unforgeable Capabilities Open Problems Recommended Reading Network Diversity Definitions Background Theory and Application Applications. Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Network DoS Network Flooding Attack Network Hardening Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Network Intrusion Detection System Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Network Security Network Tunneling Protocol Networked Privacy Neural Trojans Introduction Neural Trojan Attacks Training Data Poisoning Hiding Trojan Triggers Altering Training Algorithms Trojan Insertion via Transfer Learning Neural Trojans in Hardware Binary-Level Attacks Defense Techniques Neural Network Verification Trojan Trigger Detection Conclusion and Discussion References New European Schemes for Signature NFC Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading NFS NIDS Niederreiter Encryption Scheme Definition Theory General Idea Description Practice and Security Cross-References Recommended Reading NIST Elliptic Curves Definition Background Application References Noninteractive Proof References Nonintrusive Authentication Nonlinear Feedback Shift Register Definition Background Example Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Remarks Cross-References Recommended Reading Nonlinearity of Boolean Functions Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Nonmalleability Background *-10pt Recommended Reading Nonrepudiable Agreement Nonrepudiation of Digital Signatures Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Recommended Reading Nonrepudiation Protocol Nonsecret Encryption Synonyms Definition Background Retrospection Theory Discussion Cross-References Recommended Reading Non-Secure Communication Channels and the Future of Privacy Definitions Introduction Background Challenges Open Problems Cross-References References NSS NTRU Synonyms Definition Background Theory Description of the NTRUEncrypt System Security of the NTRUEncrypt System NTRUSign Applications Background Cross-References Recommended Reading NTRUEncrypt NTRUSign Nucleic Acid Nudging Privacy Number Field Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Number Field Sieve Number Field Sieve for Factoring Synonyms Definition Background Theory Basic Idea of the NFS Polynomial Selection Sieving Linear Algebra Square Root Applications Open Problems Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Number Field Sieve for the DLP Synonyms Definition Background Theory Number Fields NFS-DLP Algorithm Optimal Parameters Cross-References Recommended Reading Number Theory Definition Background Applications Modular Arithmetic Prime Numbers Discrete Logarithms and Integer Factorization Elliptic Curves Lattices Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Nyberg–Rueppel Signature Scheme Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Nym O OAEP: Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding Definition Background Theory The RSA–PKCS #1 v1.5 Encryption The Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding The Random Oracle Model Description of OAEP OAEP and Provable Security Fixing the OAEP Proof of Security OAEP Alternatives Cross-References Recommended Reading Oblivious Data Structures Definition Background Theory and Application Formal Definition Main Techniques Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Oblivious Joins Oblivious Locally Decodable Codes (OLDC) Oblivious Parallel RAM (OPRAM) Synonyms Definition Background Theory: Overview of the Construction Cross-References References Oblivious Parallel Random Access Memory Oblivious RAM (ORAM) Synonyms Definitions Background Hierarchical Construction Tree-Based Construction Applications Cross-References References Oblivious RAM Lower Bound Synonyms Definition Theory Lower Bound in the Online Setting Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Oblivious RAM-Based Secure Processors Definitions Background Recent Results Open Problems and Future Directions References Oblivious Random Access Memory Oblivious Transfer References Ocular Region Off-Chain Protocol One Time Password, from a Key Management Perspective Related Concepts Definition Applications References One-Time Password Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading One-Way Chain One-Way Function Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading One-Way Hash Chain One-Way Property Online Analytical Processing O-Notation Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Open Web Proxies Definition Background Open Web Proxy Anonymity Open Web Proxy Behavior, Security, and Privacy Threats References Operational Safety Operational Separation of Duties Optimal Extension Fields (OEFs) Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Oracle (Blockchain Concept) Synonyms Definition Applications Theory Basic Design and Functionality Security Goals A Broader Perspective Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References ORAM Order Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Order-Preserving Encryption OTP Outbound Authentication Outsourced Private Information Retrieval Introduction References Overlay-Based DoS Defenses Definition Background Applications and Experimental Results First-Generation Overlay-Based DoS Defenses Second Generation Overlay-Based DoS Defenses Protection for Web Services Removing ISP Packet Filtering Overlay-Based Defenses Against Targeted DoS Attacks Open Problems Recommended Reading Overspender Detection Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Overspending Prevention Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Over-the-Air (OTA) Programming Ownership P P2P Packet Error Rate Packet Flooding Attack Paillier Encryption and Signature Schemes Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Pairing-Based Key Exchange Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Pairing-Friendly Elliptic Curves Definition Background Theory Supersingular Curves Embedding Degree k=2 Ordinary Curves MNT Curves BN Curves Other Constructions of Pairing-Friendly Ordinary Elliptic Curves Cross-References References Pairings Synonyms Definition Background Theory References Palm Vein Recognition Palmprint Authentication Palmprint Recognition Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Competitive Code Ordinal Measure RLOC Applications Experimental Results Open Problems References 3D Palmprint Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems Summary References Parallelizable Message Authentication Code Parent/Child Chains Passive Physical Attacks Passport Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Passive Authentication Active Authentication Basic Access Control Secure Messaging Other Security Mechanisms Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Password Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Password Nudges Patch Release Payment Card Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Peer Privacy Peer-to-Peer Systems Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Pegged Sidechains PEM, Privacy-Enhanced Mail Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Penetration Testing Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Penmanship Perfect Forward Secrecy Synonyms Related concepts and keywords Definition Background Application References Perfectly Secure Message Transmission Background Definition Theory Open Problems Cross-References References Periocular Biometrics Synonyms Definitions Background Periocular Biometric System Feature Extraction for Periocular Biometrics Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Periocular Region Permissions: Access Control Fundamentals Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Personal Identification Number (PIN) Definition References Personally Identifiable Information Definitions Theory and Application Cross-References References Persuasive Communication Persuasive Security Messages Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References PGP Phenotyping Synonyms Definition Recommended Reading Phi Function Photo Privacy Physical Obfuscated Key Physical One-Way Function (previously) Physical Random Function Physical Random Function (previously) Physical Security Definition Background Theory Recommended Reading Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs)Work done while the author was at Philips Research, The Netherlands Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Physical(ly) Unclonable Function (alternate spelling) Physically Obfuscated Key or POK (variant) Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) Synonyms Definition Background Theory PUF Design PUF Challenges and Responses Strong and Weak PUFs, POKs PUF Quality Metrics Applications Constructions Use Cases Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References PIR with Compressed Queries Synonyms Definitions Background Large Elements Sublinear Communication High Computation Costs Compressing Queries Brakerski-Fan-Vercauteren FHE Cryptosystem (BFV) Encoding the Index Expanding Queries Obliviously Optimizations Future Directions Cross-References References PKCS Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading PKI Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading PKI Trust Models Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Experimental Results Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References PKI Trust Relationships PKIX, Public Key Infrastructure (X.509) Definition Background Theory Recommended Reading Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) Definition Background Applications References Playback Attack Playfair Cipher Cross-References Recommended Reading PMAC Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading POI: Point of Interest Point Counting Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Cross-References References POK Policy Composition Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Policy Hiding Attribute-Based Encryption Policy Misconfigurations Policy Updatable Attribute-Based Encryption Political Economy Polybios Square Encryption Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Polyinstantiation Definition Background Theory and Application Cross-References References Polynomial Time Definition Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Porta Encryption Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Post-quantum ABE Post-quantum Cryptographic Hardware Primitives Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Post-quantum Cryptography Definition Background Theory and Applications Cross-References References Post-quantum IBE Post-quantum Identity-Based Encryption and Attribute-Based Encryption Synonyms Definitions Background IBE and ABE from Lattices PQ Models and Assumptions Open Problems Cross-References References Post-Snowden Cryptography Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Algorithm Subversion and Countermeasures Parameter Subversions and Countermeasures Hardware Subversions and Countermeasures Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Power/EM Analysis Attacks Practical E-Cash Synonyms Related Concepts Definition Background Theory of E-Cash Differences Between E-Cash and E-Investments Open Problems References Practical Revocation in Cryptographic Access Control Preimage Resistance Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References -Presence Definition Background Theory δ-Presence: Generic Definition Data Publishing Scenario: Enforcing δ-Presence Open Problems Cross-References References PRESENT – Block Cipher Definition Background Theory The sBoxLayer The pLayer The Key Scheduling Cryptanalytic Results Implementation Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) Synonyms Definition Background History GnuPG Theory OpenPGP Standard Web of Trust Model Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Prevention Primality Proving Algorithm Definition Cross-References Primality Test Definition Cross-References Primary Key Prime Certificate Prime Generation Definition Theory Cross-References Prime Number Definition Background Theory Primality Tests and Primality Proofs Primality Test Primality Proofs Overview Cross-References Recommended Reading Primitive Element Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Privacy Privacy Assessment Privacy Attacks Against Relationship on OSNs Synonyms Definitions Background Telling Relationship from Rich OSN Data Finding Hidden Relationship in Apps Compromising Relationship in Data Publishing References Privacy Awareness Privacy Breach Impacts Privacy by default Privacy by Design Privacy Dilemma Privacy Dilemma, The Privacy Economics: From Information Theory to Privacy as an Asset Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy in Data-Driven Circular Economy Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Privacy in Location-Based Data Mining Definition Background Theory Privacy Attacks Privacy Protection Schemes Privacy Protection Through Data Manipulation Privacy Protection Through the Algorithms and Models Applications References Privacy in Location-Based Social Networks Privacy in Mobile Crowdsensing Privacy in Mobile Participatory Sensing Synonyms Definition Background Threats to Privacy Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy in Mobile Sensing Applications Privacy in Mobile Urban Sensing Applications Privacy in Participatory Sensing Applications Privacy Law: Understanding Data Protection Regulations Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy Legislation Privacy Measurement Privacy Metrics Synonyms Definitions Theory Inputs for Privacy Metrics Properties Measured by Privacy Metrics Uncertainty Metrics Information Gain Metrics Similarity Metrics Indistinguishability Metrics Success Metrics Error Metrics Time Metrics Accuracy Metrics Criteria for Selecting Privacy Metrics Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy Metrics for Online Social Network Data Synonyms Definitions Theory k-Anonymity-Based Privacy Metrics Differential Privacy-Based Metrics Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy Nudging Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy of Aggregated Location Information Privacy of Aggregated Mobility Data Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Approach 1: Anonymization of Specific Query Results Syntactic Anonymization Anonymization with Differential Privacy Approach 2: Anonymization of the Mobility Dataset Syntactic Anonymization Anonymization with Differential Privacy Approach 3: Anonymization of Spatiotemporal Density Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy of Outsourced Data Definitions Background Theory Cloud Adversarial Behavior and Security Requirements/Properties Honest-but-curious (HBC) adversary Adversarial view Malicious adversary Security properties Ciphertext indistinguishability Execution privacy Security Solutions Encryption-Based Techniques Limitations of encryption-based techniques Systems built using encryption-based techniques Secret-Sharing-Based Techniques Limitations Systems built using secret-sharing-based techniques Secure Hardware-Based Techniques Limitations Systems built using secure hardware-based techniques Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy of Trace Data Privacy of Trajectory Data Synonyms Definition Background Theory Privacy of a Whole Trajectory Privacy of Sensitive Place Visits Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy of Trajectory Micro-data Privacy Paradox, The Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy Protection in Biometric Systems Privacy Quantification Privacy Requirements Privacy Soft Paternalism Privacy Violation Impacts Privacy-Aware Access Control in Decentralized Online Social Networks Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Application Existing Solutions and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy-Aware Access Control Policies Definition Background Theory User-Based Privacy Restrictions Regulation Modeling Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy-Aware Database Privacy-Aware Languages Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy-Enabled Database Privacy-Enhanced Languages Privacy-Enhanced Technologies Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PET) Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy-Preserving Authentication in Wireless Access Networks Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Application Open Problems References Privacy-Preserving Data Publishing Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy-Preserving Joins over Encrypted Data Synonyms Definition Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Privacy-Preserving Outlier Detection Privacy-Preserving Technologies Private Boolean Queries on Encrypted Data Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Private Exponent Private Information Retrieval Definitions Background Theory Perfect Privacy Constructions Cross-References References Private Information Retrieval with Preprocessing Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Formal Definition Syntax Semantics Negative Results Constructions Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Private Information Retrieval with Sublinear Online Time Private Key Cryptosystem Private Machine Learning Private Range Queries Synonyms Definitions Theory Order-Preserving Encryption Range-Searchable Encryption Attacks on Private Range Queries Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Private Stateful Information Retrieval Definition Background Construction Cross-References References Private-Key Constructions for Dynamic Access Control Privileges in SQL Definitions Theory Cross-References References PRNG Probabilistic Key Sharing Synonyms Definition Background Theory Security Improvements Attacker Model Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Probabilistic Primality Test Synonyms Definition Theory Cross-References Probabilistic Public-Key Encryption Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Probabilistic Query Integrity Definitions Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Probing Model Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Composition Real-World Leakage Open Problems and Future Directions References Product Cipher, Superencryption Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Profiling Program Verification and Security Synonyms Definition Background Applications and Experiments Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Project Athena Proof of Knowledge Versus Proof of Membership Cross-References References Proof of Stake Definition Background Theory Nakamoto-Style PoS PoS via Iterated Byzantine Agreement Cross-References References Proof of Work Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Proof-Carrying Code Definition Background Theory and Applications Experimental Results Recommended Reading Proofs of Proof-of-Work Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Propagation Characteristics of Boolean Functions Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Protection Rings Definition Background Theory Applications Challenges References Protocol Synonyms Definition References Protocol Cookies Synonyms Definition Background Application and Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading -Protocols Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Proximity Card Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Proxy Re-encryption Definition Bilinear Groups Strong One-Time Signature Background Multi-hop Bidirectional PRE Single-Hop Unidirectional PRE More on Proxy Re-encryption Open Problems and Future Directions References PSC Pseudo-Mersenne Prime Definition Applications Recommended Reading Pseudo-Noise Sequences (PN-Sequences) Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Pseudonym Pseudonymity Pseudonymity in OSNs Pseudonymization (Accordingto GDPR) Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Pseudonyms Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Pseudonyms for Mobile Networks Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Challenges Cross-References References Pseudoprime Definition Applications Cross-References Pseudorandom Function Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Pseudorandom Number Generator Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications PRNG Structure PRNG Examples PRNG Initialization Experimental Results Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Psychology of Cybercrime Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application The Online Offender The Online Victim Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Public Exponent Public Key Cryptography Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Public Key Encryption Public Key Infrastructure Public Key Proxy Encryption Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Public Key Proxy Signatures Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Public-Key Authenticated Encryption Public-Key Cryptosystem Public-Key Searchable Encryption Models Publicly Verifiable Proof-of-Sequential Work PUF Pufferfish Pufferfish Privacy Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Q QRP Quadratic Residue Definition Theory Open Problems Cross-References Quadratic Residuosity Problem Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Quadratic Sieve Definition Background Theory Generation of Relations Computation of Polynomial Coefficients Optimization and Parameter Selection Cross-References Recommended Reading Quality Measures Quantum Cryptography Definition Background Theory The Various Uses of Quantum Physics for Cryptography Quantum Key Distribution Alternative Quantum Key Distribution Protocols and Implementations Cryptography on Quantum Data Recommended Reading Quantum-Safe Identity and Attribute Based Encryption Quasi-Identifier Definition Background Theory Application Experimental results Cross-References References Queries over Encrypted Relational DBMS Query Integrity Definitions Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Query Processing on Encrypted Relational Databases R Rabin Cryptosystem Definition Background Theory The Rabin Primitive Cross-References Recommended Reading Rabin Digital Signature Scheme Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Radio Fingerprinting Radio Frequency Attacks Definition Background Theory Principles and Description ElectroMagnetic Pulse Coupling Damage Energy Nonnuclear Techniques Protection and Countermeasures Targets and Properties Properties Further Reading Conclusions Recommended Reading Radio Interference Attack Defense Radio-Frequency (RF) Fingerprinting Radiometric Identification Radiometrics Rainbow Tables Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Random Bit Generator Definition Background Theory Raw Random Bit Sources SW-Based Generators HW-Based Generators Randomness Sources in HW-Based Generators Post-Processing Recommended Reading Random Key Predistribution Random Number Testing Definition Background Theory/Application The Monobit or Frequency Test for Entire Sequence The Runs Test for the Entire Sequence Test for the Longest-Run-of-Ones in a Block Frequency Test Within a Block Open Problems Cross-References References Random Oracle Model Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Randomised Agreement Range Queries over Encrypted Data Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Range-Searchable Encryption Rank Codes Synonyms Definition Background Theory Delsarte\'s Optimal Rank Codes in Matrix Representation Optimal Rank Codes in Vector Representation Correcting Rank Errors and Rank Erasures Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Rank Estimation Synonyms Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Ranked Search on Encrypted Data Synonyms Definitions Historical Background General Framework of Ranked Search Over Encrypted Data Challenges and Future Directions Key Application Cross-References References Ranking Queries on Encrypted Data Rank-Metric Codes Ransomware Synonyms Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References RBAC RC4 Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading RC5 Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading RC6 Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Reactive Security Recipient Anonymity Definition Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Recognition Record Linkage Recursive Revoke Synonyms Definition Theory Historical Notes Cross-References References Redundancy-Based Countermeasures Reed–Muller Codes Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Reference Monitor Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Reflection DoS Attacks Regulation (EU) 2022/868 Regulation (EU) 2023/2854 Regulation EU 2016/679 Re-identification and Automatic Update for Biometrics Synonyms Summary Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Related (not identical) to Doubly Efficient Private Information Retrieval (DEPIR) Related Key Attack Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Relationship Anonymity Relationship on OSNs Relatively Prime Synonyms Definition Cross-References Remote Attestation Remote Attestation in IoT Devices Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Remote Face Recognition Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Low Resolution Blur Atmospheric Turbulence Application Summary Open Problems and Future Directions References Remote Updates Replay Attack Synonyms Definition Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Residue Arithmetic Resilience Expenditure Resilience in Cyber Physical Systems Resilience in Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Resilient Control Systems Resilient Embedded and Smart Systems Resistance to the Standard Algebraic Attack Response Definition Cross-References Response and Reconfiguration Under Attacks in CPS Synonyms Definitions Background Attack Detection and the Missing Link to Attack Response Response and Reconfiguration Under Attacks in CPS Conclusions References Resynchronization Attack Definition Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Retina Recognition Reverse Engineering of Malware Emulators Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems Recommended Reading Reverse Public Key Encryption Definition Recommended Reading RFID Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Impersonation Privacy Denial of Service Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Right-to-Left Exponentiation Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Rijndael Synonyms Definition Background Theory Structure The Round Transformation Key Schedule Security Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Ring Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Ring Signatures RIPEMD Family Cross-References Recommended Reading Risk Communication Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Risk Mitigation Risk Perception Risk Prediction Risk Reduction Risk Response Rivest Cipher 5 Rivest Cipher 6 Robust Machine Learning Robust Private Information Retrieval Definitions Theory References Role-Based Access Control Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Experimental Results Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading Roles in SQL Synonyms Definition Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Rons Code 5 Rons Code 6 Root Cause Analysis Synonyms Definition Theory Five Why\'s Technique Fishbone Diagram Causal Factors Analysis Open Problems and Future Directions Root of Trust Synonyms Definition Background Hardware Root of Trust Attributes of a TPM Root of Trust Attributes of a Secure Processor Root of Trust Current Research in Secure Processing Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Rootkits Synonyms Definition Background Applications Cross-References References RSA Digital Signature Scheme Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading RSA Factoring Challenge Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading RSA Problem Definition Theory Relationship to Integer Factoring Recovering the Private Key Self-Reducibility Low Public-Exponent RSA Strong RSA Assumption Bit-Security of RSA Encryption Chosen Ciphertext Attacks Conclusions Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading RSA Public-Key Encryption Definition Theory One-Way Permutations Number Theory Modular Powers and Roots The RSA Primitive The RSA Problem The Plain RSA Cryptosystem Security Weaknesses Multicast Encryption Small Exponents Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading RTL Security Verification Run Definition Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Running-Key Synonyms Definition Cross-References Runtime Analysis Run-Time Malware Analysis S Safety in Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definition Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Salt Related Concepts Definition Applications Cross-References References Sandbox Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References References SCADA System Schemes Based on Rank Codes Synonyms Definition Background Theory Optimal Linear Rank Codes Parallel Channels and Correcting Random Rank Errors and Rank Erasures Rank Codes as Space-Time Codes Rank Codes in Network Coding Public Key Cryptosystems Based on Rank Codes Open Problems Recommended Reading Schnorr Digital Signature Scheme Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Schnorr Identification Protocol Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Sclera Recognition Score Calibration Score Normalization Synonyms Definitions Theory Statistics-based score normalization procedures Min-max normalization Z-score normalization Median-MAD normalization Generalized logit transform Class-aware score normalization F-norm Tanh-approximator Score normalization based on the Bayes theorem The log-likelihood ratio approach Logistic regression Logistic regression as a linear approximation to LLR Double sigmoid function Open problems Summary References Screaming Channels Definitions Background Radio Transmitters Mixed-Signal Chips Theory and Application A Side Channel over Radio Overview Root Problem Characteristics Attack Large Distance Realistic Target Future Directions Attacks Hardware Encryption Other Radio Protocols Defenses Software Hardware Cross-References References Script Language Security Synonyms Definition Background Theory Browsers Security Measures Open Problems Cross-References References SEAL Synonyms Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Sealed Storage Definition Sealed Storage in the TPM Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Search on Encrypted Multi-writer Tables Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References References Search over Ciphertext Datasets Using Partition Computation Definitions Background Theory Partitioned Computations Inference Attack in Partitioned Computations Partitioned Data Security at the Public Cloud Query Binning Open Problems Cross-References References Search over Encrypted Data Definitions Background Theory Keyword Search over Encrypted Documents Range Queries over Encrypted Data Bucketization for Relational Queries Search Using Secure Hardware Open Problems Cross-References References Search over Secret-Shared Datasets Definitions Background Theory String-Matching Using Accumulating Automata Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Searchable Attribute-Based Encryption Searchable Encryption Searchable Encryption with Fine-Grained Access Control Searchable Symmetric Encryption Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References References Searchable Symmetric Encryption on Trusted Execution Environments Synonyms Definitions Background Searchable Symmetric Encryption Trusted Execution Environments in Encrypted Search Theory Attacks on Trusted Hardware Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Second Preimage Resistance Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Secondary Use Regulations Definition Background Theory and Applications Secondary Purpose Secondary Disclosure Cross-References Recommended Reading Secret Key Agreement Secret Key Cryptosystem Secret Key Establishment Secret Key Generation in Sensor Networks Synonyms Definitions Background Theory The Process of Secret Key Generation Application Radio Signals Audio Signals Movements Human Biometrics Others Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Secret Sharing Secret Sharing and Shamir Threshold Scheme Background Definition Theory Shamir\'s Secret Sharing The Scheme Security Properties of Shamir\'s Scheme General Adversary Case Ideal Secret Sharing and Size of Shares Enhanced Properties Dealing with Active Adversaries Dynamic Aspects Variants Cross-References References Secret Vaulting Secure and Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Secure and Private Communication Secure Audit Logs Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Secure Cloud Data Utilization Secure Code Updates Secure Communication Secure Communication Bootstrapping Secure Computation Secure Computation of Differentially Private Mechanisms Synonyms Definition Background Theory Models Distributed Noise Generation Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Secure Computer System Model Secure Configuration Management Secure Coprocessor Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Secure Data Aggregation Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems Recommended Reading Secure Data Deduplication Secure Data Deduplication Schemes Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Secure Data Outsourcing Synonyms Definition Background Query Correctness Verifiable Computation Data Confidentiality Searching on Encrypted Data Encrypted Databases Data Access Privacy Private Information Retrieval Oblivious RAM Theory & Applications Query Correctness Verifiable Computation Data Confidentiality Data Access Privacy Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Secure Deduplication Secure Deletion Secure Device Pairing Synonyms Definitions Background Theory General Procedure and System Model Terminology Threat Models Device Pairing Methods Cryptographic Protocols Pairwise Device Pairing Extension to a Group of Devices Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Secure Element Definition Background Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading Secure Email Secure Erasure Secure Firmware Updates Secure First Connect Secure Function Evaluation Secure Hash Algorithm Secure Index Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Secure Joins Secure Logging Secure Machine Learning Secure Multiparty Computation Secure Multi-party Computation Secure Multi-party Computation of Differentially Private Mechanisms Secure Network Coding for Wireless Mesh Networks Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Attacks Against Network Coding Defenses Cross-References References Secure Networks Design Secure Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Attacks Against Routing Defenses Applications References Secure Shell Secure Signatures from the “Strong RSA” Assumption Background Theory Cross-References References Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Synonyms Definition Background History Theory Layer Structure Basic Protocol Sequence Server Authentication Client Authentication Ephemeral Diffie–Hellman Key Agreement Protocol Resumption Additional Information Security Analysis Cross-References References Secure Software Dissemination Secure Software Updates in IoT Devices Synonyms Definition Background Theory Security Properties Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Secure Time Synchronization Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Secure Vehicular Communication Systems Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Security and Privacy Architecture for VC Systems Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Secure Wireless Mesh Networks Secure Wireless Multicast Security Security Analytics Synonyms Definition Background Theory OR Application OR Both Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Security and Device Aging Definitions Background Aging-Induced Security Concerns Device Aging in Cryptographic Cores Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Security and Privacy Aspects in the Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) Protocol Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions References Security Architecture Definition Theory Applications Recommended Reading Security Awareness Security Budget Security Capability Maturity Model Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Security Compliance Security Controls Security Culture Security Evaluation Criteria Definition Background Theory/Applications Cross-References References Security Evaluation Tool Security Fatigue Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Causes of Fatigue Assessing Fatigue Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Security for Mashups Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Security if Web Browser Scripting Languages Security Implication in Virtualization Synonyms Definition Background What Is Virtualization? Virtualization Types Virtualization Benefits Virtualization Security Risks Theory Operating System-Based Virtualization Methods Workload Isolation Workload Consolidation Workload Migration Hardware-Based Virtualization Performance Comparisons System Architectures for Virtualization Virtualization Security Overview Guest OS Isolation Guest OS Monitoring Image and Snapshot Management Access Control Policy-Based Virtualization Security Trusted Platform Module-Based Virtualization Security Applications Overview Hypervisor Architecture Secure Hypervisor (sHype) Example Commercially Available Products Virtualization Security Tools Open Problems and Future Directions Virtualization Security Problems Future Directions for Virtualization-Based Security Conclusion Acronyms and Abbreviations Cross-References References Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Security Information Event Management (SIEM) Security Information Sharing Security Investment Synonyms Definitions Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Security Investment, Interdependence, Attacking, and Information Sharing Synonyms Definition Background Introduction Security Investment Income Effect Interdependence Substitution Effect Information Sharing Results Future Research References Security Motivation Security Nudges Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Synchronous and Asynchronous Strength Indicators Password Policy Alignment Presentation Evaluating the Effectiveness of Nudges Moving Image Strength Indicator in the Context of Nudges Cross-References References Security of Cognitive Radios Definition Background Applications Recommended Reading Security of Contactless Integrated Circuits Security of Contactless Microcircuits Security of Contactless Smartcards Security of Distance Bounding Protocols Definition Background Theory Recommended Reading Security of Group Communication in Wireless Mesh Networks Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Approaches to Secure Group Communication Secure Group Overlay-Based Group Communication in WMNs Applications References Security of Radio Frequency Identification Security of Wireless Mesh Networks (General Overview) Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Security Operations Center (SOC) Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Security Reduction Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading Security Reputation Metrics Definitions Background Application Hosting Providers Top-Level Domains Internet Service Providers Open Problems and Future Directions References Security Risk Assessment for Cyber-Physical Systems Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Security Standards Activities Definition Background Activities X.509 PKIX LDAP S/MIME LAMPS JOSE COSE IPsec IPsecME TLS Secure Shell AAA OpenPGP XML Security IEEE P802 ANSI X9F FIPS Influential Activities US FPKI References Security Testbed Security Token Security Validation Security Verification Security Verification of System-on-Chips (SoCs) Synonyms Background State of the Art Information Flow Tracking Theorem Proving Secure HDL Assertion-Based Verification Symbolic Testing Open Problems and Future Directions References Security Visualization Segregation of Duties Selective Forgery of Digital Signatures Definition Recommended Reading Self-Defense Selfie Biometrics Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Open-set liveness/spoof detection On-device computation Fairness analysis Summary References Self-Shrinking Generator Definition Background Example Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Self-Sovereign Identity Definitions Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Self-Synchronizing Stream Cipher Synonyms Definition Background Example Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Semantic Security Synonyms Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Sender Anonymity Synonyms Definitions Background Theory/Application/Both Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Sensitive Privacy: Data Privacy for Analyzing Anomalies Synonyms Definitions Background Theory & Concepts How to Achieve Sensitive Privacy Cross-References References Sensor Key Establishment and Maintenance Sensor Key Management Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading SEPA Synonyms Definition Background Applications Recommended Reading Separation of Duties Synonyms Definition Background Applications Strong Exclusion (Static Separation of Duty) Weak Exclusion (Dynamic Separation of Duty) Open Problems Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Sequences Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Sequential and Combinational Satisfiability Attacks Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References SERPENT Cross-References Recommended Reading Session Hijacking Attacks Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading SFA SHA SHA-0, SHA-1, SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm) Synonyms Definition Background Theory Padding SHA-1 Compression Function SHA-0 SHA-256 and SHA-512 Compression Functions SHA-224 SHA-384 Applications Security Considerations Open Problems Cross-References References Shamirs Trick Shannons Maxim Shannon\'s Model Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Sharding Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Multiconsensus Architecture Uniconsensus Architecture Cross-Shard Transactions Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Shortest Vector Problem Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Short-Term Credential Shrinking Generator Definition Example Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Shuffle Index Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References References Sidechains Synonyms Definition Background Theory Security of Sidechains Firewall Property Cross-Chain Communication Types of Cross-Chain Communication Techniques for Cross-Chain Communication Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Side-Channel Attacks Synonyms Definitions Background Application Mitigation Open Problems Cross-References References Side-Channel Attacks and Countermeasures Side-Channel Leakage Side-Channel Security Evaluation Tool SIDH SIEM System SIEM: Security Information and Event Management Sieving Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Sieving in Function Fields Definition Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Signature Biometrics Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Signcryption Synonyms Definition Background Theory Defining Signcryption Security of Signcryption Supporting Long Inputs Generic Composition Schemes Schemes from Trapdoor Permutations Schemes based on Gap Diffie–Hellman Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Signed Digit Exponentiation Synonyms Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Signed Window Exponentiation SIKE Silicon Fingerprint (colloquially) SIM/UICC Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications References Simple Power Analysis Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions References Simultaneous Exponentiation Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Simultaneous Transactions Singe-Reader-Multi-Writer Searchable Encryption Single Euro Payments Area Single Wire Protocol Definition Background Cross-References References Single-Server Private Information Retrieval Definitions Background Homomorphic Encryption-Based Construction Future Directions References Situational Awareness for Cyber-Physical Systems Synonyms Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions References Skipjack Definition Background Theory Application Cross-References Recommended Reading Slide Attack Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Sliding Window Exponentiation Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Smart Card Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Smart Contract Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Smart Environment Smart Grids Smart/Algorithmic Denial of Service Smartcard Tamper Resistance Definition Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Smoothness Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading SNARK Synonyms Background Definitions Types of SNARKs Applications Cross-References References Social Context in Security and Privacy Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Social Engineering Synonyms Definition Background Theory Social Engineering Attack Cycle Principles of Persuasion and Social Engineering Triggers Examples of Social Engineering Addressing Social Engineering Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Social Environment Social Network Anonymization Social Network Data Privacy Definitions Social Networks Social Perspectives on Information Privacy Definition Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading Sociocultural Factors Soft Biometrics Definition Background Theory and Application Taxonomy of Soft Biometrics Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Summary References Software Secure Element Software Vendor Software-Defined Networks privacy Definitions Background Theory Privacy Attacks Application Plane Control and Data Plane References Software-Optimized Encryption Algorithm Solitaire Definition Background Cross-References Recommended Reading Source Address Validation Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions References SPA Space-Time Trade-Off Spam Detection Using Network-Level Characteristics Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Recommended Reading Spatial Context Spatial Knowledge Spatiotemporal Event Privacy Spatiotemporal Privacy Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Speaker Biometrics Speaker Identification and Verification (SIV) Speaker Recognition Synonyms Definition Background Speaker Enrollment Speaker Verification (Authentication) Speaker Identification Speaker and Event Classification Speaker Segmentation, Diarization, Detection, and Tracking Speaker Verification Modalities Knowledge-Based Speaker Recognition (Speech Biometrics) Theory Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM): Generic Case Speaker Space Speaker Embeddings (x-Vectors): Neural Network Kernels Speaker Diarization Application Open Problems References Special-Purpose Cryptanalytical Hardware Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Specific Emitter Identification (SEI) Specific Emitter Verification (SEV) Spectre Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Spectre Gadgets Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Spectre Attack Spectre Variant 1 Spectre Variant 2 SPKI Source of Names Group Names Globally Unique SDSI Names Canonical S-Expressions (CSEXP) Recommended Reading Spontaneous Device Association Spoofing a Hall Sensor Spoofing and Antispoofing Synonyms Definitions Background Application Open Problems and Future Directions Summary References Spyware Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading SQL Access Control Model Definitions Theory and Application Access Control Enforcement via Views Cross-References References SQL Administration Standards SQL Control Procedures SQL Injection Attacks Definition Background Theory Open Problems Recommended Reading Square-and-Multiply Exponentiation SSE (acronym) SSH Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading SSL Stablecoin Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Stack (buffer) Overflow Stack (buffer) Overrun Stack/Heap Smashing Standard Basis Standard Model Definition Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading State Machine Replication Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Static Analysis Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Static Code Analysis Static Program Analysis Static Separation of Duties Station-to-Station protocol Definition Theory References Statistical Databases Synonyms Definition Background Applications Privacy Disclosure Measures Security Protection Approaches Conceptual Approach Query Restriction Approach Auditing Perturbation Approach Notes on Recommended Reading Cross-References Recommended Reading Statistical Fault Attack Synonyms Definitions Background Theory/Application/Both Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Steins Algorithm Stream and Multicast Authentication Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References References Stream Ciphers Definition Background Theory Synchronous and Asynchronous Stream Ciphers Families of Stream Ciphers Families of Attacks Against Stream Ciphers Properties of Stream Ciphers Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Strong Authentication Strong Collision Resistance Strong Exclusion Strong Prime Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Strong RSA Assumption Theory Recommended Reading Structural Cryptanalysis Definition Theory and Application Structured Encryption Definition Related Work Theory Leakage Security Cross-References References Structured Encryption on Trusted Hardware Subexponential Time Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Subgroup Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Subgroup Cryptosystems Subscriber Identity Module Substitution–Permutation (SP) Network Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Substitutions and Permutations Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Subversion-Resilient Cryptography Summation Generator Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman Synonyms Definition Applications Theory Security References Supersingular Isogeny Key Encapsulation Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Open Security Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Survivability Swarm Attestation Synonyms Definition Background Verifiers in Swarms Prover\'s Attestation in Swarms Swarm Topology Exchanged Communication Data Among Provers Granularity of Attestation Result Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Symmetric Cryptosystem Synonyms Definition Applications Cross-References SYN Cookie Defense Synonyms Definition Background (Historical Data Optional) Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions References SYN Flood Attack Synonyms Definition Background (Historical Data Optional) Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Synchronous Stream Cipher Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Synthetic Data Synonyms Definition Background Theory Traditional Models Deep Generative Models Privacy-Preserving Synthetic Data Generation Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Synthetic Data Generation Synthetic Mobility Traces Definitions Background Theory Traditional Approaches for SMT Generation ML-based Approaches for SMT Generation Privacy-Preserving SMT Generation Open problems Cross-References References System Component Graphs System Hardening T Talker Recognition Tamper Detection Definition Theory and Applications Open Problems Cross-References References Tamper Evidence Definition Background Theory and Application Cross-References Recommended Reading Tamper Resistance Definition Theory and Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Tamper Response Definition Theory and Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Target Collision Resistant Hash function Targeted Hardware Manipulation TCG Trusted Computing Group T-Closeness Definitions Background Theory/Application/Both Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References TCP Modulation Attacks Definition Low-Rate TCP Attacks Background Applications Low-Rate Attacks Against TCP Variants Potential Mitigation Solutions Limitations of Router-Assisted Defenses Experimental Results Mitigation Using Randomization of the Minimum RTO Recommended Reading TCP Reset Injection Synonyms Definition Background Applications Recommended Reading TCP SYN Cookie TCP SYN Flooding TCP/IP from Network Security Perspective Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions References TCP/IP Protocol Suite Technical Data Protection Temperature Attack Definition Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Tempest Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Application Cross-References References Temporal Access Control Synonyms Definitions Background Theory and Applications Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Temporal Authorization Models Temporary Identity The Economics of Information Exchange The Economics of Personal Data The Fiat-Shamir Identification Protocol and the Feige-Fiat-Shamir Signature Scheme Definition Introduction Preliminary The Protocol Parameters Feige-Fiat-Shamir Signature Scheme Cross-References References Theorem Proving and Security Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Threat Intelligence Three-Dimensional Palmprint Three-Factor Authentication Synonyms Definition Background Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Threshold Cryptography Definition Introduction Different Approaches A General Approach A 2-Out-of-2 Case Using a Multiplicative Secret Sharing Scheme Unknown Subset of Participants Particular Approaches A Variant of the General Approach Enhancements Robustness No Trusted Dealer Proactive Security and Its Generalizations The Multiverse Case Post-quantum Threshold Cryptosystems Cross-References References Threshold Homomorphic Cryptosystems Cross-References References Threshold Probing Model Threshold Signature Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Editorial Note References Throughput of a Distributed Ledger Definition Background Theory Influential Factors Further Aspects Cross-References References Tiger Definition Background Theory Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Time-Based Access Control Time-Memory Trade-Offs Synonyms Definition Background Theory The Original Method Distinguished Points and Rainbow Tables Recommended Reading Time-Stamping Introduction Techniques Hash-and-Sign Linking Long-Lived Digital Signatures Renewability Standards References Timing Attack Synonyms Definition Background Time Measurement Timing Analysis Attack Targets Countermeasures Cross-References References TLS Token Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Token Pre-sales Token Sales Top-k Query Processing on Encrypted Data Synonyms Definition Theory Open Problems Cross-References References Top-n Queries on Encrypted Data Topological Vulnerability Analysis Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Torus-Based Cryptography Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Touchless Palmprint Biometrics TPM Definition Background Theory and Applications Functions: 1.1b New Functions of the TPM 1.2 Specification Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading TPM Trusted Platform Module Tracing Traitors Tracking Cookie Traffic Analysis Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References Recommended Reading Traitor Tracing Synonyms Definition Background Theory Public-Key Traitor Tracing Advanced Schemes Cross-References Recommended Reading Transparent Authentication Transport Layer Security (TLS) Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Transport-Level Security Trapdoor One-Way Function Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Treemap Visualization Tripartite Key Exchange Triple-DES Cross-References References Trojan Trojan Horses, Computer Viruses, and Worms Original Definition Current Definition Theory Computer Viruses Worms Cross-References References Truncated Differentials Definitions Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Trust Anchor Trust Management Synonyms Related Concepts Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Trust Management for Cyber-Physical Systems Definition Background Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Trust Management in Databases Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Trusted Boot Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Trusted Computing Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Software Trust Hardware Trust Hardware Run-Time Trust Hardware Design Trust Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Trusted Computing Group Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Trusted Computing Platform Alliance Definition Background Cross-References Recommended Reading Trusted Platform Module Definition Background Applications Final Remarks Cross-References References Trusted Third Party Definition Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Trustworthy Autonomous Systems Trustworthy Machine Learning TSS Definition Background Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading TTP: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Twin Signatures Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading TWIRL Definition Background Theory Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Two-Factor Authentication Definition Theory Applications Cross-References TWOFISH Cross-References Recommended Reading Two-Key Cryptosystem Type Checking and Security Definition Background Applications Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Typing Biometrics Typing Dynamics Typing Patterns U UMTS IC Card Unconstrained Fingerprint Biometrics Definitions Background Theory Acquisition and Sensors Constrained and Semi-constrained Unconstrained Fingerprint Segmentation Fingerphoto Latent Fingerprints Fingerprint Feature Extraction Traditional Fingerprint Descriptors Non-Minutia Descriptors Open Problems and Future Research Directions Summary References Unconstrained Palmprint Biometrics Synonyms Definitions Background Theory ROI Localization and Alignment Feature Extraction Open Problems and Future Directions Summary Cross-References References Unconstrained Remote Face Recognition Uncoordinated Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading Uncoordinated Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Undeniable Signatures Definition Background Theory Convertible Undeniable Signatures Applications Recommended Reading Unidentifiable OSN User Universal Integrated Circuit Card Universal One-Way Hash Functions (UOWHF) Synonyms Definition Background Theory Cross-References References Unlinkability Synonyms Definitions Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Unobservability Unpacking Malware Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Application Recommended Reading Untraceability Definitions Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Usable Security Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) User Authentication Synonyms Definition Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References User Revocation User Revocation in Identity Based Encryption and Attribute Based Encryption Synonyms Definitions Theory Direct Revocation Indirect Revocation Others Open Problems and Future Directions References User Tracking and Reidentification Definitions Application Theory Cross-References References V Value of Privacy Value-Based Compliance Theory Synonyms Definition Background Theory Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Variant 3 VBC Theory VDF Vector Space Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Vehicular Privacy Definition Theory and Application Cooperative Awareness Systems and Pseudonyms Location-Based Services Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems Driver Behavior Monitoring Open Issues Cross-References References Verifiable Delay Function Synonyms Definition Theory Applications Random Multi-Party Beacon Beacon from Entropy Source Resource-Efficient Permissionless Blockchains Proof of Replication Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Verifiable Encryption Definition Applications Theory Recommended Reading Verifiable Secret Sharing Cross-References References Verification Vernam Cipher Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Vicinity Card Definition Background Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Video Analysis Vigenère Encryption Definition Cross-References Recommended Reading Virtual Black Box Virtual Machine Introspection Definition Background Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Virtualization Security Virtualized Packer Virus Scanner Visual Secret Sharing Schemes Synonyms Definition Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Visual Security Analytics Synonyms Definition Background Theory and Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References Visualization VM Protection Voice Biometrics Voice Recognition Voiceprint Recognition von Neumann Correction Synonyms Definition Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading VSSS Vulnerability Disclosure Vulnerability Disclosure Economics Synonyms Definitions Background Entities Involved in Disclosure Disclosure Options Theory of Disclosure Open Problems and Future Direction References Vulnerability Metrics Synonyms Definition Background The National Vulnerability Database Common Vulnerability Scoring System Theory and Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Vulnerability Quantification Vulnerability Ranking Vulnerability Scoring W Watermarking Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Weak Collision Resistance Weak Exclusion Weak Keys Definition Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Web 2.0 Security and Privacy Definition Background Theory Cross-References Recommended Reading Web Access Control Strategies Synonyms Definition Introduction Theory Application Resource Sharing Using CORS Access Delegation IAM Policies Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Web and Cloud Security Web Application Security Web Browser Security and Privacy Synonyms Related Concepts Definition Background Theory Applications Recommended Reading Web Cache Poisoning Attacks Definition Background Theory Recommended Reading Web Client Security and Privacy Web Initial Authentication Web Initial Sign On Web Penetration Test Web Security Web Security Auditing Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Web Security Policy Web Service Security Definition Background Theory OAuth The WS- Family of Specifications The XACML Specification Open Problems References Web Session Security Web Single Sign On and SAML Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading Web SSO and Security Assertion Markup Language Web Vulnerability Assessment Web-Based Security Protocols Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Whirlpool Definition Background Theory Applications Experimental Results Open Problems Cross-References Recommended Reading White-Box Cryptography Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Virtual Black Box WBC Notions Application Early White-Box Designs and Attacks New Paradigm: Gray-Box Resistance Relaxing White-Box Cryptography Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References Wiener, Boneh–Durfee, and May Attacks on the RSA Public Key Cryptosystem Definition Theory Recommended Reading Winternitz One-Time Signatures Wireless Air Traffic Communications Security Synonyms Definition Background Modernizing Airspace: Analog to Digital Application Challenges in Securing Infrastructure Systems Open Problems and Future Directions References Wireless Avionics Security Wireless Device Fingerprinting Synonyms Definition Background Theory Applications Experimental Results Cross-References Recommended Reading Wireless Locational Privacy Wireless Networks Wireless Steganography Wiretapping Witness Hiding Cross-References References Worms in Cellular Networks Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Applications Open Problems and Future Directions References X (X, Y)-Privacy Synonyms Definitions Background Theory Cross-References References X.509 Synonyms Definition Theory and Application Cross-References Recommended Reading XML-Based Access Control Languages Definitions Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions Cross-References References XSS Z Zero Trust Architecture Synonyms Definition Background Theory Application Open Problems and Future Directions*-12pt Cross-References References Zero Trust Cybersecurity Zero Trust Network Zero Trust Threat Model Zeroization Definition Background Theory and Applications Cross-References Recommended Reading Zero-Knowledge Definition Theory Real Conversations Simulated Conversations Cross-References Reference Zeta Function Computation
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