Earth Materials: Components of a Diverse Planet

Part I - Introduction to Earth 
1 The Origin of the Elements and Earth 
1.1 Orion 
1.2 The big picture 
1.3 The beginning 
1.4 Origin of the solar system 
1.5 Evolution of the solar system 
1.6 What is Earth made of today? 
Questions for thought—chapter 1 
2 Earth Systems and Cycles 
2.1 A Sand County Almanac 
2.2 The Earth system and my aquarium 
2.3 Systems and scientific investigations 
2.4 Rocks and the Rock Cycle 
2.5 From continental drift to plate tectonics 
2.6 The theory of plate tectonics 
2.7 The water cycle 
2.8 Carbon and the carbon cycle 
Questions for thought—chapter 2 
Part II - Fundamental Earth Materials 
3 Minerals 
3.1 Zeolites 
3.2 Minerals defined 
3.3 Importance of minerals 
3.4 Studying minerals from the past to present 
3.5 Elements, minerals, and rocks 
3.6 Mineral formation 
3.7 Common elements and the most common minerals 
3.8 Mineral compositions 
3.9 Mineral stability 
3.10 Mineral classification 
3.11 Mineral properties and identification 
Questions for thought—chapter 3 
4 Mineral Crystals 
4.1 Cuevo de los Cristales 
4.2 Crystallography and crystal chemistry 
4.3 The process of crystallization 
4.4 Ionic crystals 
4.5 Silicate minerals 
4.6 Elemental substitutions in mineral crystals 
4.7 The arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids 
Questions for thought—chapter 4 
5 Igneous Petrology and the Nature of Magmas 
5.1 Volcanism in Yellowstone National Park 
5.2 Igneous petrology 
5.3 Magma compositions 
5.4 Magma sources 
5.5 Magma movement 
5.6 Different kinds of rocks 
5.7 Melting of minerals and rocks 
5.8 The importance of partial melting and partial crystallization 
5.9 The most common occurrences of melts of different compositions 
5.10 A closer look at magma chemistry 
Questions for thought—chapter 5 
6 Plutonic Rocks 
6.1 Yosemite Valley 
6.2 Plutons of different kinds 
6.3 Minerals in igneous rocks 
6.4 Different kinds of plutonic rocks 
6.5 The southeast face of El Capitan 
6.6 The Sierra Nevada Batholith 
6.7 The American Cordillera 
6.8 Mafic and ultramafic plutonic rocks 
Questions for thought—chapter 6 
7 Volcanoes and Their Products 
7.1 Tambora and Toba 
7.2 Volcanology 
7.3 Volcanic eruptions 
7.4 Xenoliths and volatiles 
7.5 Classifying eruptions 
7.6 From magma to rock 
7.7 Naming volcanic rocks 
Questions for thought—chapter 7 
8 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 
8.1 Sedimentation during the formation of the Appalachian Mountains 
8.2 Sediment and sedimentary environments 
8.3 Products of weathering and erosion 
8.4 Transportation and deposition of clastic sediment 
8.5 Diagenesis and lithification 
8.6 Sedimentary layers and structures 
8.7 Different kinds of sedimentary rocks 
Questions for thought—chapter 8 
9 Stratigraphy 
9.1 Rocks of the Grand Canyon 
9.2 Formations, groups, and members 
9.3 Stratigraphy 
9.4 Interpreting the environment of deposition 
9.5 Rock lithology 
9.6 Geological time 
9.7 Subsurface stratigraphy 
Questions for thought—chapter 9 
10 Metamorphic Rocks 
10.1 Wollastonite in the Adirondack Mountains 
10.2 Metamorphic rocks 
10.3 Agents of metamorphism 
10.4 Metamorphic textures 
10.5 Metamorphic reactions 
10.6 Burial metamorphism 
10.7 Regional metamorphism 
10.8 Contact metamorphism 
10.9 Other types of metamorphism 
Questions for thought—chapter 10 
Part III - Surficial Geology and Resources 
11 Weathering and Soils 
11.1 Mesopotamia 
11.2 Weathering 
11.3 Soil 
Questions for thought—chapter 11 
12 Water and the Hydrosphere 
12.1 The Salton Sea 
12.2 Water on Earth 
12.3 The water cycle 
12.4 The ocean systems 
12.5 Freshwater systems 
12.6 Water chemistry 
12.7 Freshwater quality 
Questions for thought—chapter 12 
13 Mineral Deposits 
13.1 Bingham Canyon, Utah 
13.2 Why dig such a big hole? 
13.3 Mineral deposits and ore deposits 
13.4 The formation of ore deposits 
13.5 Placer deposits 
13.6 Chemical ore deposits 
13.7 Sedimentary ore deposits 
13.8 Igneous ore deposits 
13.9 Other kinds of ore deposits 
13.10 Is mining necessary? 
Questions for thought—chapter 13 
14 Energy Resources 
14.1 Star wars 
14.2 The energy that we use 
14.3 Fossil fuels 
14.4 Alternatives to fossil fuels 
14.5 Energy sources in the future 
Questions for thought—chapter 14 
Part IV - Engineering Properties 
15 Soil Mechanics 
15.1 The Leaning Tower of Pisa 
15.2 Soil mechanics 
15.3 Sediments, soils, and rocks 
15.4 Consolidated and unconsolidated materials 
15.5 Soil composition and index properties 
15.6 Soil classification 
15.7 Soil strength 
Questions for thought—chapter 15 
16 Rock Mechanics 
16.1 Problems in Coeur d’Alene 
16.2 Forces and stress 
16.3 Strain—rock deformation in response to stress 
16.4 On a larger scale 
16.5 Determining values for rock strength 
Questions for thought—chapter 16