Computational Granular Mechanics and Its Engineering Applications (Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering)

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Engineering Demands of Granular Mechanics
	1.2 Basic Physical and Mechanical Properties of Granular Materials
		1.2.1 Friction Law
		1.2.2 Grain Silo Effect
		1.2.3 Extrusion and Shear Expansion of Granular Materials
		1.2.4 The Flow State of Granular Materials
	1.3 Computational Analysis Softwares for Computational Granular Mechanics
	References
Fundamentals of Computational Granular Mechanics
2 Constructions of Irregular Shaped Particles in the DEM
	2.1 Bonding and Clumping Models Based on Spherical Particles
		2.1.1 Bonding Models Based on Spheres
		2.1.2 Clumping Models Based on Spheres
	2.2 Super-Quadric Particles
		2.2.1 Super-Quadric Particles
		2.2.2 Ellipsoidal Particles Based on Super-Quadric Equation
	2.3 Polyhedral and Dilated Polyhedral Particles
		2.3.1 Polyhedral Particles
		2.3.2 Dilated Polyhedral Particles Based on Minkowski Sum
	2.4 Advanced Constructions of Novel Irregular Shaped Particles
		2.4.1 Random Star-Shaped Particles
		2.4.2 B-Spline Function Models
		2.4.3 Combined Geometric Element Method
		2.4.4 Potential Particle Model
		2.4.5 Poly-superellipsoid Model
	2.5 Summary
	References
3 Contact Force Models for Granular Materials
	3.1 Visco-Elastic Contact Models of Spherical Particles
		3.1.1 Linear Contact Model
		3.1.2 Nonlinear Contact Model
	3.2 Elastic-Plastic Contact Models of Spherical Particles
		3.2.1 Normal Elastic-Plastic Contact Model
		3.2.2 Tangential Elastic-Plastic Contact Model
	3.3 Rolling Friction Models of Spherical Particles
		3.3.1 Rolling Friction Law
		3.3.2 Rolling Friction Model of Spherical Particles
	3.4 Bonding-Breakage Models of Spherical Particles
	3.5 Contact Models of Non-spherical Particles
		3.5.1 Contact Model Between Super-Quadric Particles
		3.5.2 Contact Model of Dilated Polyhedral Particles
	3.6 Non-contact Physical Interactions Between Particles
		3.6.1 Adhesion Force Between Spherical Particles
		3.6.2 Liquid Bridge Force Between Wet Particles
		3.6.3 Heat Conduction Between Particles
	3.7 Summary
	References
4 Macro-Meso Analysis of Stress and Strain Fields of Granular Materials
	4.1 Computational Homogenization Method Based on Mean Field Theory
		4.1.1 Variational Representation of Frictional Contact Problems
		4.1.2 Macro-Meso Two Scale Boundary Value Problems
		4.1.3 Macro-Meso Scale Solution Procedures Based on Mean Field Theory
	4.2 Meso Analysis of Stress Field of Granular Materials
		4.2.1 Average Stress Description of the Micro Topological Structure
		4.2.2 Stress Characterization of Particle Aggregates
		4.2.3 Description of Macro Stress Based on Virtual Work
		4.2.4 The Average Stress of the RVE in a Cosserat Continuum
	4.3 Meso Analysis of Strain Field of Granular Materials
		4.3.1 Definition of Strain by Bagi
		4.3.2 Definition of Strain by Kruyt-Rothenburg
		4.3.3 Definition of Strain by Kuhn
		4.3.4 Definition of Optimal Fitting Strain by Cundall
		4.3.5 Definition of Optimal Fitting Strain by Liao et al.
		4.3.6 Definition of Optimal Fitting Strain by Cambou et al.
		4.3.7 Definition of Volumetric Strain by Li et al.
	4.4 Summary
	References
5 Coupled DEM-FEM Analysis of Granular Materials
	5.1 Combined DEM-FEM Method for the Transition from Continuum to Granular Materials
		5.1.1 Contact Algorithm
		5.1.2 Deformation of Element
		5.1.3 Failure Model of Materials
	5.2 Coupled DEM-FEM Model for the Continua-Discontinua Bridging Domain
		5.2.1 Weak Form of Governing Equations for the Bridging Domain
		5.2.2 Coupling Interface Force
		5.2.3 Coupling Point Search
	5.3 Coupled DEM-FEM Method for the Interaction Between Continua and Discontinua
		5.3.1 Global Search Detection of Particle-Structure Contacts
		5.3.2 Local Search Detection of Particle-Structure Contacts
		5.3.3 Transfer of Contact Forces
	5.4 Summary
	References
6 Fluid-Solid Coupling Analysis of Granular Materials
	6.1 DEM-CFD Coupling Method for Granular Materials and Fluid
		6.1.1 Basic Governing Equations of Particles
		6.1.2 DEM-CFD Coupling Solution Method
		6.1.3 Governing Equations of Fluid Domain
		6.1.4 Momentum Exchange Between Fluid and Solid Particles
		6.1.5 Fluid Volume Fraction
		6.1.6 Convection Heat Transfer Term
	6.2 DEM-SPH Coupling Method for Granular Materials and Fluid
		6.2.1 Integral Representation of Function and Particle Approximation in SPH
		6.2.2 SPH Form for Navier-Stokes Equations
		6.2.3 The EISPH Method for Incompressible Fluid
		6.2.4 DEM-SPH Coupling Model
	6.3 DEM-LBM Coupling Method for Granular Materials and Fluid
		6.3.1 Lattice Boltzmann Method
		6.3.2 DEM-LBM Coupling Immersion Boundary Method
		6.3.3 Application of the DEM-LBM Coupling Method
	6.4 Summary
	References
7 High Performance Algorithm and Computing Analysis Software of DEM Based on GPU Parallel Algorithm
	7.1 Developments of Computing and Analysis Software of DEM
		7.1.1 GPU Parallel Technology
		7.1.2 Development of Discrete Element Computing and Analysis Software
	7.2 Numerical Algorithm of DEM Based on CUDA Programming
		7.2.1 Hardware and Software Architecture of CUDA
		7.2.2 Discrete Element Algorithm in Multi-machine/Multi-GPU Environment
	7.3 High Performance Contact Detection Based on GPU
		7.3.1 Relationship Between Grid and Particles
		7.3.2 Establishment of Neighbor List
		7.3.3 Calculation of Contact Force Sequence
	7.4 DEM Computing Analysis Software Based on GPU Parallel Algorithm
	7.5 Summary
	References
Engineering Applications of Computational Granular Mechanics
8 DEM Analysis of Ice Loads on Offshore Structures and Ship Hull
	8.1 DEM for Sea Ice and Determination of Computational Parameters
		8.1.1 Discrete Element Construction of Sea Ice
		8.1.2 Discrete Element Analysis of Sea Ice Compression and Flexural Strength
		8.1.3 Main Computation Parameters in Sea Ice DEM Simulations
		8.1.4 Failure Criteria Between Bonded Particles
		8.1.5 DEM Simulations of Sea Ice Strength Influenced by Particle Size
	8.2 DEM Analysis for the Interaction Between Sea Ice and Fixed Offshore Platform
		8.2.1 DEM Analysis of Ice Load on Cylindrical Leg Structure
		8.2.2 DEM Analysis of Ice Load on Conical Offshore Platform Structure
		8.2.3 Shadowing Effect of Multi-leg Conical Jacket Platform Structure
		8.2.4 DEM Analysis of Ice Load on Jack-Up Offshore Platform Structure
	8.3 DEM Analysis for the Interaction Between Sea Ice and Floating Platform and Ship Hull
		8.3.1 Analysis of Ice Load on Floating Offshore Platforms
		8.3.2 DEM Simulation of the Ship Sailing in the Ice Zone
	8.4 DEM-FEM Coupling Analysis for Ice-Induced Vibration of Marine Structure
		8.4.1 DEM-FEM Coupling Method for Ice-Induced Vibration of Jacket Platform
		8.4.2 DEM-FEM Method for Ice-Induced Vibration of Jacket Platform
	8.5 Simulation of Ice Load on Marine Structure with Dilated Particles
		8.5.1 Interaction Between Broken Ice and Pile Legs, Floating Structures
		8.5.2 Interaction Between Level Ice and Ship Hull Structure
	8.6 DEM Analysis for Characteristics of Sea Ice Pile-Up on Water Intake of Nuclear Power Plant
		8.6.1 Numerical Simulation of Sea Ice Pile-Up at the Water Intake
		8.6.2 Analysis of Influencing Factors of Sea Ice Pile-Up Characteristics
	8.7 Coarse-Grained DEM Model for Sea Ice Dynamics
		8.7.1 The Coarse-Grained DEM of Sea Ice
		8.7.2 Numerical Simulation of Sea Ice Dynamic Processes in the Regular Domain
		8.7.3 Numerical Simulation of the Dynamic Process of the Bohai Sea Ice
	8.8 Summary
	References
9 DEM Analysis of Mechanical Behaviors of Railway Ballast
	9.1 DEM Analysis of Ballast Particle Breakage
		9.1.1 DEM Analysis of Ballast Breakage
		9.1.2 The Experimental Verification of Ballast Particle Breakage
	9.2 DEM Analysis of Dynamic Response of Railway Ballast
		9.2.1 Construction of Irregularly Shaped Ballast
		9.2.2 DEM Modelling of Ballast Box Test
		9.2.3 Effect of Loading Frequency on Accumulated Settlement of Full-Scale Ballast Bed
	9.3 Direct Shear Tests of Fouled Ballast
		9.3.1 Direct Shear Tests of Fouled Ballast
		9.3.2 Effect of Fine Grains on Shear Strength
		9.3.3 Effect of Fine Grains on Dilatancy Behavior of Ballast
	9.4 DEM Analysis of Shear Strength of Sand-Fouled Ballast
		9.4.1 DEM Simulations of Direct Shear of Sand-Fouled Ballast
		9.4.2 Shear Strength and Force Chain Analysis with Different Ballast Contents
	9.5 Coupled DEM-FEM Analysis of the Transition Zone Between Ballasted-Ballastless Track
		9.5.1 DEM-FEM Algorithm in Railway Ballasted Track
		9.5.2 DEM-FEM Model for Ballasted-Ballastless Transition Zone
		9.5.3 Settlement Analysis of the Transition Zone
		9.5.4 Coupled DEM-FEM Analysis Considering Ballast Embedded in Ballastless Bed
	9.6 DEM Simulations of Railway Ballast Bed with Dilated Polyhedral Particles
		9.6.1 Ballast Box Test Model with Dilated Polyhedral Particles
		9.6.2 Settlement of Ballast Bed Under Various Cyclic Loading Frequencies
	9.7 Summary
	References
10 DEM Analysis of Vibration Reduction and Buffering Capacity of Granular Materials
	10.1 DEM Simulations and Experimental Tests of Vibration Reduction of Granular Materials
		10.1.1 Experimental Studies on Particle Damper
		10.1.2 Numerical Simulation of Particle Damper
	10.2 DEM Analysis of Buffering Capacity of Granular Materials
		10.2.1 Experimental Studies on Buffering Capacity of Granular Materials
		10.2.2 Numerical Simulations of Buffering Capacity of Granular Materials
	10.3 DEM Analysis of Landing Process of Lunar Lander
		10.3.1 Discrete Element Model of Landing Buffering System and Lunar Soil
		10.3.2 Discrete Element Analysis of Landing Process and Impact Characteristics
	10.4 Summary
	References