Common Pediatric Diseases: Current Challenges

Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Dedication
List of Contributors
Introduction of Challenges with Pediatric Diseases
	Noosha Samieefar1,2,3, Delaram J. Ghadimi1,2,3, Sara Zibadi1,2,3, Fateme Heydari1,2,3, Elham Pourbakhtyaran2,3,4 and Nima Rezaei3,5,6,*
	INTRODUCTION
	ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES
	POVERTY AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS
	ADOLESCENTS PREGNANCY AND ABORTION
	ETHNICITY
	MENTAL DISORDERS
	DEPRESSION
	SUICIDE
	BULLYING
	SOCIAL MEDIA
	CHILD ABUSE
	SUBSTANCE ABUSE
	ADOPTION AND FOSTER CARE
	ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS
	NATURAL DISASTERS
	CHILD INJURY
	BREASTFEEDING
	CHRONIC ILLNESSES AND NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
	EARLY GENETIC AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
	PREMATURITY AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
	CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
	MALIGNANCY
	MEDICAL FUTILITY AND END-OF-LIFE-CARE
	HOW TO INTERACT WITH A SICK CHILD
	CONCLUSION
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Positive and Negative Outcomes of Sexting
	Elizabeth Englander1,*, Cheryl E. Sanders2 and Katalin Parti3
	INTRODUCTION
	SEXTING: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OUTCOMES
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
The Role of Integrated Services in the Care of Children and Young People with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Co-Morbid Mental Health Difficulties: An International Perspective
	Hani F. Ayyash1,*, Cornelius Ani2 and Michael Ogundele3
	INTRODUCTION
	EVIDENCE-BASED DIAGNOSIS OF NDEBID
	ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED CARE
		The Negative Impact of Disjointed Services for CYP With NDEBIDs and Co-Morbid Mh Disorders
			Inefficient Multiple Assessments
			Confusing Multiple Referral Pathways
			Delays in Accessing the Required Assessment and Treatment
			Conflicts Among Professionals
		Barriers to Integrated Care for CYP with NDEBIDs and Additional MH Difficulties
			Strategic Difficulties in Service Commissioning, Funding and Planning
			Limited Evidence-Base
			Difficulties Related to Professionals
		Benefits of Integrated Care for CYP with NDEBIDs and Co-Morbid MH Difficulties (Box 1)
			User Preference and Satisfaction
			Improved Equity of Access and Reduced Time to Point-of-Care
			Improved Care Efficiency
			Improved Protection for More Vulnerable Children
			Improved Transitional Care Services for Young People?
			Improved Understanding and Cooperation Among Professionals
			Reduced Impact of Mental Health Stigma
			Alignment with Emerging Government Policy
		Integrated Services in the Context of Low and Middle Income Countries
			Significant Needs
			Resource Gaps
			Limited Evidence-Base
	DESIRABLE FEATURES OF INTEGRATED SERVICES FOR CYP WITH NDEBID AND CO-MORBID MENTAL HEALTH DIFFICULTIES
		Joint Service Commissioning
		Adequate and Ring-Fenced Funding
		Effective Service Planning and Implementation
		Evidence-Based Practice
		Continuity of Support
		Effective and Motivated Strong Leadership
		Professional Training and Continuous Development
		Parents’ Training and Psychoeducation
	SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES OF INTEGRATED SERVICES FOR OTHER CHRONIC DISORDERS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Epidemiological Evidence for Influences of Non-genetic Transgenerational Inheritance on Child and Adolescent Development
	Jean Golding1,* and Yasmin Iles-Caven1
	INTRODUCTION
	NOMENCLATURE
	EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
		Toxic Metal Exposure
		Endocrine Disruptors
	HUMAN OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
		Prospective Pedigree
		Retrospective Pedigree
	PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES
		Famine and Glut
			Ӧverkalix and Uppsala
			Other Famines
			Nutrition in Guatemala
		Preconception Smoking Effects
		Preconception Radiation Exposure
		Other Preconception Exposures
	PRENATAL EXPOSURES
		Maternal Exposures in Pregnancy
			Teratogens and Carcinogens
			Famine
			Cigarette Smoking
		Effects of Grandmothers’ Exposures in Pregnancy on the Grandchild
			The Example of DES
		Famine during Grandmother’s Pregnancy
			The Dutch Hunger Winter
			The Chinese Famine 1959-61
			Grandmother Smoked During Pregnancy
			Radiation
	DISCUSSION
		General Results
			Consistency (Replication)
			Specificity
			Temporality
			Biological gradient
			Plausibility
			Coherence
			Experimental Evidence
		Evidence from Biomarkers
	CONCLUSION
	APPENDIX
	ABBREVIATIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Clinical Approaches to Genetic Epilepsies in Children
	Mario Mastrangelo1,2,*
	INTRODUCTION
	CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
	MOLECULAR GENETIC WORK-UP
	ILLUSTRATIVE DISEASES
		Channelopathies
			General Aspects
			Illustrative Disease: Dravet Syndrome
		Transportopathies
			General Aspects
			Illustrative Disease: GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome
		Disorders of the Intermediate Metabolism
			General Aspects
			Illustrative Disease: ALDH7A1 Deficiency
		Disorders of Neuronal Cellular Cycle and Signaling
			General Aspects
			Illustrative Diseases: Disorders of mTOR and GATOR1 Pathways
		Disorders of Synaptic Vesicles Trafficking and Release
			General Aspects
			Illustrative Disease: STXBP1 Encephalopathy
		Disorders Involving Neuronal Structural Proteins
			General Aspects
			Illustrative Disease: PCDH19-Related Epilepsy
		Disorders of Synaptic Secreted Proteins
			General Aspects
			Illustrative Disease: LGI1-Related Epilepsy
		Chromosomopathies and Pathogenic Copy Number Variants
			General Aspects
			Illustrative Disease: 15q13.2–13.3 Microdeletion Syndrome
	CONCLUSION
	LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Medical and Social Outcomes in the Management of Cardiac Diseases in Children
	Josephat M. Chinawa1,* and Fortune A. Ujunwa1
	INTRODUCTION
	EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIAC DISEASES IN CHILDREN
	MEDICAL AND SOCIAL OUTCOMES
	EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT
	MENTAL HEALTH
	THE SOCIAL OUTCOMES OF CARDIAC DISEASES MANAGEMENT
	THE POSITIVE SOCIAL OUTCOMES OF MANAGEMENT
	MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
	ECONOMIC BURDEN OF PEDIATRIC HEART DISEASES
		Economic Burden
		Factors that Contribute to the Increased Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children
			Late Referral and Diagnosis
			Poor Health Financing
			Lack of Health Insurance or Social Welfare System
			The Complexity of the Diseases Process and Intervention
			Health System Challenges
			Family Composition and Socioeconomic Status
			Medical Litigation/Malpractice Cost
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	REFERENCES
Meconium Stained Newborn
	Mohammad Moonis Akbar Faridi1,* and Sumaiya Shamsi1
	INTRODUCTION
	ETIOLOGY
		Etiology and Risk Factors for MSAF
	MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
		Pathophysiology of MAS
			Fetal Hypoxia
			Mechanical Obstruction of Airways
			Surfactant Inactivation
			Inflammation and Chemical Pneumonitis
			Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension
			Secondary Infection
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Management
			Neonatal Management in the Delivery Room
			Management Beyond the Delivery Room
		Supportive Therapy and General Measures
			Respiratory Support
			Mechanical Ventilation
			High-Frequency Ventilation
			Surfactant Therapy
			Corticosteroid Therapy
			Antibiotics
			Inhaled Nitric oxide
			Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
			Future Therapy
	CONCLUSION
	ABBREVIATIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	REFERENCES
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
	Fahri Ovali1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Dynamics of Fetal Lung Fluid
	ETIOLOGY
	CLINICAL FEATURES
	LABORATORY FINDINGS
	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
	MANAGEMENT
	PREVENTION
	PROGNOSIS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Fetal Tumors: Diagnosis and Management
	Forough Jabbari1, Parnian Jabbari2,3, Nazanin Taraghikhah2,3, Behnaz Moradi4,5 and Nima Rezaei2,5,6,*
	INTRODUCTION
	THE MOST COMMON PRENATAL TUMORS
		Intracranial Tumors
			Teratoma
			Glioma
			Other Intracranial Tumors
		Thoracic Tumors
			Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM)
			Broncho-Pulmonary Sequestration (BPS)
			Pleuro-Pulmonary Blastoma (PPB)
			Interstitial Lung Tumors (ILTs)
			Heart Rhabdomyoma
			Pericardial Teratomas
			Other Thoracic Tumors
		Intra-Abdominal and Pelvic Tumors
			Kidney Tumors
			Hepatic Tumors
			Pelvic Tumors
		Other Significant Tumors and Malignancies
			Neuroblastoma
	PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
		Imaging Modalities
		Ultrasonography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Prenatal Tissue Sampling
		Genetic Studies
	MANAGEMENT
		Head and Neck Tumors
		Thoracic Tumors
		Intra-Abdominal Tumors
		Pelvic Tumors
		Ovarian Masses
	PERINATAL CARE AND CONSULTATION
	FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Autism Spectrum Disorder during Infancy: Implications for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Approaches
	Kimia Kazemzadeh1,2, Parnian Shobeiri2,3,4, Serge Brand2,3,4 and Nima Rezaei2,5,6,*
	INTRODUCTION
	WHAT IS AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER?
	MAIN TYPES OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
	IMPORTANCE OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER ON THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE
	NEONATAL RISK FACTORS FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
	BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
	BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
	CLINICAL APPROACH TO AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (CONSIDERING DIFFERENT WAYS OF DIAGNOSIS)
	THE AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION’S DIAGNOSTC AND STATISTIC MANUAL, FIFTH EDITION (DSM-5)
	AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE [ICD-11]
	DIFFERENCES IN SIGNS AND PRESENTATIONS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER AMONG TWO GENDERS
	SIGNS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN INFANTS
	IMPORTANCE OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER DIAGNOSIS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
	INTERVENTIONS TO TREAT AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS [ASD] IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Medical Futility in Pediatrics: Challenges, Hopes, and New Perspectives
	Ardeshir Khorsand1,2,3, Zahra Mohajer2,3, Soroush Khojasteh-Kaffash2,3,4, Zahra Hosseini Bajestani3,5,6, Azar Ghasemi2,7, Farbod Ghobadinezhad2,3,7 and Noosha Samieefar2,3,8,*
	INTRODUCTION
	A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY AND DEFINITION OF MEDICAL FUTILITY IN PEDIATRICS
	FROM THE PATERNALISTIC PARADIGM TO THE SHARED DECISION-MAKING MODEL
		Dependency on Parents
		Autonomy
		Family Interaction
		The Concept of Suffering in Pediatric Decision-Making
	MEDICAL FUTILITY IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
		Unconventional Medicine
		Medical, Lethal, and Ethical Aspects
		Imminent Demise Futility, Lethal Condition Futility, Qualitative Futility, Ethical Issues
		Uncertainty
		Resource Allocation
	MEDICAL FUTILITY IN THE PEDIATRIC CARE UNIT
		Unconventional Medicine
		Medical, Lethal, and Ethical Aspects
		Imminent Demise Futility, Lethal Condition Futility, Qualitative Futility, Ethical Issues
		Uncertainty
		Resource Allocation
	DO-NOT-RESUSCITATE ORDER IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
		Medical, Lethal, and Ethical Aspects
		Opposing Families\' Wishes
		Unilateral
	MEDICAL FUTILITY IN PEDIATRIC BRAIN DEATH
		Confirmation of Brain Death in Pediatric
		Brain Death Confirmation, A Bioethical Challenge
		Futile Care in Brain-Dead
		Parental Refusal of DNC
		Genetic Disorders and Congenital Defects
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	REFERENCES
Subject Index
Back Cover