Biogenic Wastes-Enabled Nanomaterial Synthesis: Applications in Environmental Sustainability

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Biogenic Wastes-Enabled Nanomaterial Synthesis: Applications in Environmental Sustainability
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Contents
A Review on Agricultural Wastes–Based Green Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
	1. Introduction
	2. Agricultural Wastes and Their Types
		2.1 Straw
		2.2 Rice Husk and Rice Husk Ash
		2.3 Sugarcane Bagasse
		2.4 Corncob
		2.5 Plant Leaves
		2.6 Fruit and Vegetable Peels
	3. Synthesis of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
		3.1 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
		3.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
		3.3 Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles
		3.4 Synthesis of Other Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
	4. General Applications
	5. Future Perspectives
	6. Concerns
	7. Conclusion
	References
Fabrication of Metal NPS from Plant Root and Tuber
	1. Introduction
	2. Biosynthesis of MNPs Using Plant Extract
		2.1 Mechanism of MNP Synthesis
		2.2 AgNPS
		2.3 AuNPs
		2.4 ZnNPs
		2.5 Ti NPs
		2.6 PdNPs
		2.7 Others
	3. Secondary Metabolite/Phytochemical Effect in Bioreduction Reaction
	4. Pharmacological Applications of MNPs
		4.1 Antibacterial
		4.2 Antifungal
		4.3 Anti-inflammatory
		4.4 Anticancer
		4.5 Antiviral
		4.6 Antidiabetics
		4.7 Antioxidant
	5. Commercial Application of Root- and Tuber-Mediated MNPs
		5.1 Wastewater Treatment
		5.2 Cosmetics
		5.3 Food Industry
	6. Factors Influencing the Synthesis of MNPs
	7. Conclusions
	References
Isolation of Various Carbon-Rich Materials from Bio-based Sources and Their Utilization
	1. Introduction
	2. Synthesis of Carbonaceous Materials Derived from Biomass
		2.1 Typical Biomass Precursors
		2.2 Carbonization Driven by Hydrothermal Processes
		2.3 Pyrolysis Methods
		2.4 Laser-Induced Graphitization
		2.5 Other Thermal Treatment Methods
		2.6 Comparison Between Synthesis Methods
	3. Synthetic Mechanisms of Carbon-Rich Materials Derived from Bio-waste
	4. Applications of Bio-waste-Derived Carbon Materials
		4.1 Applications in Energy and Related Field
		4.2 Applications in Electronics
		4.3 Environmental and Other Applications of Carbon Materials Derived from Biomass
	5. Summery and Future Perspective
	6. Conclusions
	References
Green Fabrication of Magnetic Nanomaterial and Their Application
	1. Introduction
	2. Green Synthesis
	3. Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Microorganism
	4. Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Plants
	5. Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles
		5.1 Biological Activities
		5.2 Antibacterial Activity
		5.3 Antifungal Activity
		5.4 Larvicidal Activities
		5.5 Antioxidant Activities
	6. Environmental Remediation
	7. Catalysis
	8. Agriculture
	9. Other Biological Applications
	10. Present Status, Challenges, and Future Remarks
	11. Conclusion
	References
A Synthesis of Biogenic Nanoparticles (NPs) for the Treatment of Wastewater and Its Application: A Review
	1. Introduction
	2. Routes of Synthesis of Biogenic Nanoparticles (NPs)
		2.1 Plants
		2.2 Microorganisms
			2.2.1 Bacteria
			2.2.2 Fungi
			2.2.3 Yeast
	3. Applications of Biogenic Nanoparticles (NPs) for the Treatment of Wastewater
		3.1 Removal of Organic Pollutants
		3.2 Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants
		3.3 Removal of Inorganic and Radioactive Pollutants
		3.4 Removal of Heavy Metals
	4. Conclusions and Future Recommendations
	References
Fungi’s Involvement in Metal NPS Synthesis and Environmentally Sustainable Practices
	1. Introduction
	2. Mycogenic Nanoparticles and Nanominerals
	3. Fungal-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	4. Formation of Fungal Nanoparticles
	5. Different Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis
	6. Present Status of Fungal NPS
	7. Exclusive Fungi Involve in Nanoparticles’ Role
	8. Future Prospects of Fungal NPS and Sustainability
	9. Conclusion
	References
Green Synthesis of Organic Nanomaterials and Their Applications
	1. Classification of Nanoparticles
		1.1 Commonly Recognized Classes of NPS
			1.1.1 Dendrimers
			1.1.2 Nanocapsules
			1.1.3 Polymeric NPs
		1.2 Fullerene and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
		1.3 Nano-cochleates
		1.4 Liposomes
		1.5 Micelles
		1.6 Generating Nanoparticles: Techniques and Approaches
		1.7 Top-Down Approach
		1.8 Bottom-Up Approach
		1.9 Methods of Preparation of Nanoparticles
		1.10 Emulsification-Based Two-Step Technique
		1.11 Generation of Nanoparticles from Emulsion
		1.12 One-Step Procedures
			1.12.1 Nanoprecipitation
			1.12.2 Dialysis
			1.12.3 Desolvation
		1.13 Green Synthesis of NP
		1.14 Dry Processes or Supercritical Drying
			1.14.1 Spray Drying
		1.15 Biological Method for Synthesis of NP
			1.15.1 By Bacteria
			1.15.2 By Plant
	2. Applications in Pharmaceuticals and Therapeutics
	3. Applications in Food Industry
	4. Applications in Bioimaging
	5. Applications in Gene Therapy
	6. Applications as Antibacterial Agents
	7. Applications in Bone Cell Synthesis
	8. Outlook for the Future
	9. Conclusion and Summary of the Chapter
	References
Synthesis of Metal NPs Using Plant Flowers and Fruits
	1. Introduction
	2. Importance of Flowers and Fruits in Daily Life
		2.1 Flowers
		2.2 Fruits
	3. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	4. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Mediated by Flowers and Fruits
		4.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
		4.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
		4.3 Other Nanoparticles
			4.3.1 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (Cu2ONPs)
			4.3.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs)
	5. Characterization of NPs
		5.1 Biological Activities of Flower- and Fruit-Derived MNPs
		5.2 Antibacterial Activity
		5.3 Antioxidant Activity
		5.4 Insecticidal Activity
		5.5 Catalytic Activity
		5.6 Other Activities
			5.6.1 Anti-cancer Activity
			5.6.2 Anti-microbial Activity
	6. Future Scope in the Use of Flower- and Fruit-Mediated MNPs
	7. Conclusion
	References
Recent Advancements in the Green Synthesis of Bioactive Metallic Nanoparticles from Biological Entities and Their Biomedical Applications
	1. Introduction
	2. Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		2.1 Silver Nanoparticles
		2.2 Gold Nanoparticles
		2.3 Copper Nanoparticles
		2.4 Zinc Nanoparticles
		2.5 Other Metal Nanoparticles
	3. Factors That Influence the Structure and Morphology of Nanoparticles
	4. Application of Bioactive Metallic Nanoparticles
	5. Conclusion
	References
Green Synthesis of Algal Nanoparticles: Harnessing Nature’s Biofactories for Sustainable Nanomaterials
	1. Introduction
	2. Nanomaterials: Unveiling Synthesis Routes for Sustainable Fabrication
	3. Bio-Based Green Approach for Nanomaterial Synthesis
	4. Algae-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis: Sustainable Approach for Nanoparticle Production
	5. Algal Routes for the Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
		5.1 NP Synthesis from Living Algal Cells
		5.2 NP Synthesis Using Extracted Biomolecules
		5.3 NP Synthesis Using Cell-Free Supernatant
		5.4 NP Synthesis Using Whole Algal Cells
	6. Factors Affecting the Synthesis Process
		6.1 pH of Reaction-Mixture
		6.2 Temperature
		6.3 Particle Shape and Size
		6.4 Pore Size
		6.5 Pressure
		6.6 Incubation Time
		6.7 Precursor Metallic Ion Concentration
	7. Perspective on the Green Synthesis of Algae-Mediated Nanomaterial
		7.1 Biomedical Applications
		7.2 Environmental Remediation
		7.3 Agriculture and Crop Enhancement
		7.4 Energy and Solar Applications
		7.5 Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics
	8. Challenges
	9. Conclusion
	References
Eco-Friendly Production of Organic Nanoparticles and Their Uses
	1. Introduction
	2. Green Chemistry
		2.1 Green Chemistry Objectives (Rowena, 2019)
		2.2 Green Chemistry Framework
		2.3 Principles of Green Chemistry
	3. Nanomaterials
		3.1 Classification of Nanomaterials
		3.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		3.3 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		3.4 Factors Influencing the Green Synthesis of Various Nanoparticles
	4. Green Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles
		4.1 Nanoliposomes
		4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
		4.3 Nanoemulsions
		4.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		4.5 Dendrimers
		4.6 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		4.7 Prospective Applications of Green-Synthesized Organic Nanoparticles
	5. Conclusions
	References
Biogenic Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Therapeutic Application on Fishes
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Bacterial Infection
	2. Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	3. Therapeutic Application of Metal Nanoparticles in Fishes
		3.1 Silver Nanoparticles
		3.2 Copper Nanoparticles
		3.3 Zinc Nanoparticles
		3.4 Gold Nanoparticles
		3.5 Selenium NPs
	4. Reported Nanomaterials in Fish Disease Control
	5. Conclusion
	References
Nanomaterial Synthesis Using Tyre and Plastic
	1. Introduction
	2. Uniqueness of Synthesized Nanomaterials from Waste
	3. Applications of Synthesized Nanomaterials
	4. Case Studies and Examples of Nanomaterials from Rubber Tyres
	5. Impact of COVID and Generation of Plastic Waste
	6. Case Studies and Examples of Nanomaterials from Plastic Wastes
	7. Characterization of Nanomaterials from Plastic and Tyre Waste
		7.1 Structural Characterization
			7.1.1 FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)
			7.1.2 X Ray Techniques
			7.1.3 NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectroscopy
			7.1.4 BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) Technique
			7.1.5 TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis)
			7.1.6 LEIS (Low Energy Ion Scattering)
			7.1.7 UV (Ultra Violet) Spectroscopy
			7.1.8 MS (Mass Spectroscopy)
			7.1.9 ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry)
		7.2 Morphological Characterization
			7.2.1 TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)
			7.2.2 Electron Diffraction (ED)
			7.2.3 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)
			7.2.4 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
			7.2.5 Safety Considerations with Nanomaterials (Hidden Truth)
	8. Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Current Status of Smart Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
	1. Introduction
	2. Types of Smart Nanoparticles (NPs)
	3. Polymer and Organic-Based Nanocarriers
		3.1 Lipid-Based NPs
	4. Applications of Lipid-Based NPs
		4.1 In Cosmeceuticals
		4.2 In CNS Disorders
		4.3 Targeted Drug Delivery
		4.4 Ocular Drug Delivery
		4.5 Polymeric NPs
	5. Applications
		5.1 Vaginal Drug Delivery
		5.2 Cancer Treatment
		5.3 Dendrimers
		5.4 Nano Drug
		5.5 Oral Drug Delivery
		5.6 Transdermal Drug Delivery
		5.7 Micelles and Vesicles
		5.8 Inorganic (and Metallic) Nanocarriers
	6. Mesoporous Nanoparticles (MsNPs)
	7. Applications
		7.1 Quantum Dots
	8. Applications
		8.1 Antimicrobial Drug Activity
		8.2 Antiviral Drug Delivery
	9. SPION (Super Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles)
	10. Applications
		10.1 In Imaging
		10.2 In Magnetic Delivery of Drugs
		10.3 Used in Hyperthermia Detection
		10.4 In Vitro Bioseparation
		10.5 In Cancer Therapy
		10.6 In Alzheimer’s Disease
		10.7 Carbon Nanotubes
	11. Applications
		11.1 Medicinal
		11.2 Nanoporous Membrane System
		11.3 Nanoprobes and Sensors
	12. Other Applications and Current Status of Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles (NPs)
		12.1 In Biophotolysis
		12.2 In Nucleic Acid Drug Delivery
		12.3 Enhanced Biohydrogen Production
		12.4 Magnetic Resonance Imagining
		12.5 Fluorescence Imaging
		12.6 In Tissue Regeneration
	13. Conclusion
	References
Advances of Plant-Assisted Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles and Their Environmental Application
	1. Introduction
	2. Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants
	3. Classification of Nanoparticles
	4. Application of Plant-Assisted Synthesized NPs
		4.1 Nanobioremediation
		4.2 Nanomaterials in Agriculture
		4.3 Nanomaterials in Contaminant Removal
			4.3.1 Nanoparticles Used in Heavy Metal Removal
			4.3.2 Reduction of Organic Pollutants by Nanoparticles
			4.3.3 Nanomaterials in Dye Degradation
		4.4 Nanomaterials in Water Purification
		4.5 In Phytoremediation of Contaminants
		4.6 To Increase the Phytoavailability of Contaminants in Soil
	5. Conclusion
	References
Index