Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases

Cover
BIOACTIVE FOOD
AS DIETARY
INTERVENTIONS
FOR ARTHRITIS
AND RELATED
INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES
Copyright
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Section A: Overview and Background on Diet and Arthritis/Inflammation Modifications
1
Foods and Arthritis: An Overview
	Arthritis
	Prevalence of Arthritis
	Foods and Arthritis
	The Role of Diet in Arthritis
	Foods That Avoid in Arthritis
		High-Calorie Foods
		Foods Cooked at High Temperature
		Food Sensitivities
		High-Purine Foods and Alcohol
		Butter
		Beef
		Candy
		Nightshade Vegetables
	Food Ingredients That Can Cause Inflammation and Arthritis
		Sugar
		Saturated Fats
		Transfats
		Omega 6 Fatty Acids
		Refined Carbohydrates
		Monosodium Glutamate
		Gluten and Casein
		Aspartame
		Alcohol
	Best Foods for Arthritis
		Fruits
			Mango
			Tart Cherries
			Strawberries
			Red Raspberries
			Avocado
			Watermelon
			Grapes
			Pomegranate
		Vegetables
			Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
			Sweet Potatoes, Carrots, Red Peppers, and Squash
			Red and Green Peppers
			Onions, Garlic, Leeks and Shallots
			Olives
		Fish
			Omega-3 Fatty Acid
				Farm-Raised, or Wild-Caught?
		Grains
			Proinflammatory Grains
			Better Grain Choices
		Nuts and Seeds
			Walnuts
			Peanuts
			Almonds
			Pistachios
			Flaxseed
			Chia Seeds
		Spices
			Garlic
			Turmeric
			Ginger
			Cinnamon
			Chili
		Oils
			Olive Oil
			Grapeseed Oil
			Walnut Oil
			Avocado Oil
			Canola Oil
			Soybean Oil
		Beverages
			Tea
			Coffee
			Milk
			Juices
			Smoothies
			Alcohol
			Water
	References
2
Probiotics for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Introduction
	Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Probiotics
	RA and Gut Bacteria
	RA and Oral Bacteria
	Probiotics as RA Therapy
		Lactobacillus casei
		Lactobacillus helveticus
		Lactobacillus plantarum
		Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis
		Lactobacillus rhamnosus
		Bacillus coagulans
		Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium bifidum
		Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri
	Limitations of Current Research
	Conclusion
	References
3
Integrative and Complementary Medicine Use in Adults With Chronic Lower Back Pain, Neck Pain, and Arthritis/Mu ...
	Introduction
	Costs, Quality of Life, and Patient Satisfaction With CAM
	Trends in CAM Usage for Treating Lower Back Pain
	Trends in CAM Usage for Treating Neck Pain
	Trends in CAM Usage for Treating Musculoskeletal Diseases
	Trends in CAM Usage for Treating Arthritis
	Summary of Our Previous Research
	Discussion
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
4
Antiinflammatory and Antiarthritic Activities of Some Foods and Spices
	Introduction
	Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum Linn., Family: Fabaceae)
	Turmeric (Curcumalonga L., Family: Zingiberaceae)
	Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Family: Zingiberacae)
	References
5
Improvement of Standard Antirheumatic Therapy by Phytochemicals
	Introduction
	Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Effect of Natural Polyphenols in Human and Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Flavonoids and Polyphenols in Experimental Arthritis
		Flavonoids and Polyphenols in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Innovative Combination Treatment of Methotrexate With Natural Compounds in the Adjuvant Arthritis
		Pinosylvin and Methotrexate
		N-Feruloylserotonin and Methotrexate
		Ferulaldehyde and Methotrexate
	Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Section B: Nutrients and Inflammation Modification During Arthritis
6
Nutrients and Dietary Supplements for Osteoarthritis
	Introduction
	Macronutrients
		Antioxidant Vitamins
			Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
			Alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
			Beta-Carotene and Other Carotenoids
		Nonantioxidant Vitamins
			Vitamin D
			Vitamin B Group
			Vitamin K
		Dairy Product
		Fiber
		Soy Milk and Soy Protein
		Summary for Macronutrients
	Dietary Supplements
		Glucosamine
		Chondroitin
		Combination of Glucosamine and Chondroitin
		Avocado Soybean Unsaponifiables
		Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Marine Oil
		Methylsulfonylmethane
		S-Adenosylmethionine
		Collagen Hydrolysates
		Polyphenols
		Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
		Boswellia serrata
		Zingiber officinale (Ginger)
		Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil's Claw)
		Other Dietary Supplements
			Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis (Cat's Claw)
			Pomegranate
			Camellia sinensis (Green Tea)
		Summary for Dietary Supplements
	Micronutrients (Trace Elements)
		Magnesium
		Boron
		Selenium
		Zinc and Copper
		Summary for Micronutrients
	Conclusion
	References
7
Dietary Short Chain Fatty Acids: How the Gut Microbiota Fight Against Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases
	The Host and the Gut Microbiota
	Diet, Gut Microbiota, and SCFAs
	A Leaky Gut: The Origin of Inflammatory Diseases
	Microbial Metabolites and Mucosal Immunology
	Mechanisms of Action in the Gut
	SCFAs and HDAC Inhibition of Immune Function
	Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites as Therapeutics
	Concluding Remarks
	References
8
Vitamin K and Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Introduction
	Vitamin K
	Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Genetic Risk Factors
			Environmental Risk Factors
		Clinical Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Rheumatoid Arthritis and Vitamin K
		Vitamin K and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Vitamin K and Joint Destruction in Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Vitamin K and Dyslipidemia in Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Vitamin K and Clinical Status of Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Vitamin K and Bone Health in Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Vitamin K and Glucose Homeostasis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Conclusion
	References
9
Regulation of Immune Cell Function by Short Chain Fatty Acids and Their Impact on Arthritis
	Introduction
	SCFAs Production, Absorption, and Molecular Targets
	Impact of the SCFAs on Components of the Innate Immune System
	Impact of the SCFAs on the Adaptive Immune System
	Impact of SCFAs on Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
	Impact of Short Chain Fatty Acids on Arthritis
	Concluding Remarks and Perspectives in the Field
	References
10
Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D on Bone Mineral Density and Disease Activity in Patients With Rheum
	Introduction
	Effects of Vitamin D on Bone Mineral Density
		Bone Mineral Density in Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Vitamin D in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Effects of 25(OH)D on the Immune System in Rheumatoid Arthritis
		25(OH)D Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Compared to Healthy Individuals
		25(OH)D Levels and Bone Mineral Density in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
		Effect of 25(OH)D in Relationship to Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity
	Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity
		Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Flare
	References
11
Vitamin D and Autoimmunity
	Metabolism of Vitamin D and Its Regulation
		Vitamin D Sufficiency, Insufficiency, and Deficiency
		Safety of Supplementation
		Calcemic and Noncalcemic Actions of Vitamin D
	Immunomodulation and Vitamin D
	Vitamin D and Autoimmune Diseases
		Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis
		Vitamin D and Diabetes Type I
		Vitamin D and Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Vitamin D and Crohn's Disease
		Vitamin D and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Vitamin D and Systemic Sclerosis
		Vitamin D and Sjögren's Syndrome
		Vitamin D and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
		Vitamin D and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
		Vitamin D and Antiphospholipid Syndrome
		Vitamin D and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
	Vitamin D Receptor and Autoimmune Diseases
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Crohn's Disease
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Vitamin D Supplementation in Autoimmune Diseases
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Type 1 Diabetes
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Crohn's Disease
	Conclusion
	References
Section C: Foods in Arthritis
12
Prebiotic Fibers and Their Potential Effects on Knee Osteoarthritis and Related Pain
	References
13
Zingiber officinale: Antiinflammatory Actions and Potential Usage for Arthritic Conditions
	Introduction
	Inflammation
		Acute Inflammation
		Chronic Inflammation
		Inflammatory Cells Involved in Pain-Inflammatory Disorders in Various Organs
		Platelets (Thrombocytes)
		Neutrophils/Macrophages/Monocytes
		Mast Cells and Basophils
		Lymphocytes (T and B Cells)
	Arthritis
		Zingiber officinale
		Morphology
		Traditional Use
		Chemistry
		Nutritional Importance
	Potential Antiinflammatory Activity of Zingiber officinale
	Conclusion
	References
14
Garlic and Its Role in Arthritis Management
	Introduction
	Garlic-A Natural Remedy for Arthritis
	Antiinflammatory Effects of Dietary Garlic
	Inhibitory Role of Garlic-Derived Compounds in Arthritis Signaling Pathways
	References
15
Cinnamon and Arthritic Care
	Introduction
	Cinnamon, Oxidative Stress, and Arthritis
	Cinnamon, Inflammation, and Arthritis
	Safety of Cinnamon
	Conclusion
		Implications for Practice
		Implications for Research
	References
16
Biochemistry and Biology of Avocado and Soy Unsaponifiables in Osteoarthritis
	Clinical Studies Involving ASU in Osteoarthritis
	References
17
Current Review on Mangosteen Usages in Antiinflammation and Other Related Disorders
	Inflammation
	Mangosteen Compounds as Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
	Effects Against Neurological Disorders
	Effects Against Arthritis
	Effects Against Cancer Development
	Effects Against Dental Problems
	Effects Against Digestive Disorders
	Effects on Dermal and Muscular Conditions
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	References
Section D: Nutraceuticals and Herbs in Modifications of Arthritis
18
Role of Flavonoids in Management of Inflammatory Disorders
	Introduction
	Flavonoids and Inflammation-Mediated Chronic Disorders
		Flavonoids and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Flavonoids and Cardiovascular Disease
		Flavonoids and Neurological Diseases
	Mechanism of Flavonoids in Inflammatory Disorders
		Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
		Flavonoids as Cytokine Modulators
		Flavonoids as Potential Antiinflammatory Agents
		Flavonoids as Anticytokine Agents
		Membrane Transport and Flavonoids
	Bioavailability of Flavonoids
	Major Flavonoids Reported for Inflammatory Disorders
		Apigenin
		Astilbin
		Astragalin
		Baicalin and Baicalein
		Butein
		Chrysin
		Epicatechin
		Epigallocatechin Gallate
		Eriodictyol
		Fisetin
		Hyperoside
		Kaempferol
		Luteolin
		Myricetin
		Naringin and Naringenin
		Quercetin
		Wogonin
		Curcumin
		Resveratrol
	Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
19 Nawarathne Kalka: Antiinflammatory Actions and Potential Usage for Arthritic Conditions
	Introduction
	Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Role Played by the AA Metabolism Pathway on Inflammation
	Specifications for Nawarathna Kalka (Table 19.1)8,22
		Honey
		Cedrus deodara (Devadara)
		Cuminum cyminum (S. Suduru)
		Eugenia caryophylla (S. Karabu)
		Ferula asafetida (S. Perumkayam)
		Glycyrrhiza glabra (S. walmi)
		Myristica fragrans (S. Sadikka and S. Vasawasi)
		Nigella sativa (S. Kaluduru)
		Picrorhiza kurroa (S. Katukarosana)
		Piper longum (S. Thippili)
		Terminalia bellirica (S.Bulu) and Terminalia chebula (S. Aralu)
		Trachyspermum roxburghianum (S. Asamodagum)
		Vernonia anthelmintica (S. Sanninayam)
		Zingiber officinale (S. Inguru)
	Discussion
	References
20
Naringenin: A Promising Flavonoid for Herbal Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Associated Inflammatory Di ...
	Introduction
	Effect of Naringenin on COX
	Effect of Naringenin on LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production
	Effect of Naringenin on TNF-α21,22
	Effect of Naringenin on the NF-κB pathway23-26
	Effect of Naringenin on dendritic cell maturation27-34
	Conclusion
	References
21
Endophytic Fungi as a New Source of Antirheumatoid Metabolites
	Introduction
	What is Meant by Inflammation and Cell Molecular Signaling?
	Natural Products From Plants Against Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Higher Fungi as Source of Antiinflammatory
	Antiinflammatory Activity of Higher Fungi
	Why Do We Study Endophytic Fungi?
	Endophytic Fungi as a Tool for Conservation of Higher Plants
	Antiinflammatory Activity of Endophytic Fungi
	Antirheumatoid Activity of Endophytic Fungi
	How to Study Antirheumatoid Activity of Endophytic Fungi?
		Sampling
		Surface Sterilization of Plant Samples
		Media of Isolation
		Identification of Isolated Taxa
			Phenotypic Identification
			Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis
		Preparation of Fungal Fermentation Broth
		Animals, Induction of Adjuvant Induced Arthritis (AIA) Rat Model, and Treatments
			Assessing Swelling and Mobility Scoring
			Histopathology Studies
			Transmission Electron Microscope Examination
	Egyptian Endophytic as a Promising Source of Antirheumatoid-Producing Taxa
	Chaetomium globosum KC811080 as a Promising Antirheumatoid Producer
	Conclusion
	References
22
Herbal Formulations and Their Bioactive Components as Dietary Supplements for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Introduction
	Currently Prescribed Drugs for Treating RA
	Herbal Formulations as Therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Triphala
		Majoon Ushba
		Trikatu
		Tea Extracts
		Withania somnifera Extract
		Barberry Extract
		Tripterygium wilfordii Extract
		Angelica sinensis
		Rosa multiflora
		Davallia bilabiata
	Bioactive Components in Herbal Extracts With Antiinflammatory Action Against RA
	Conclusions
	Conflict of Interest
	References
23
The Potential of Plants of the Genus Syzygium (Myrtaceae) for the Prevention and Treatment of Arthritic and A ...
	Introduction
	Autoimmune Inflammatory Disease Etiology and Progression
	The Genus Syzygium as Natural Medicines
		Antioxidant Content
		Antimicrobial Activity
		Antiinflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activity
	Conclusions
	References
24
Curcumin: An Antiinflammatory Compound From Turmeric and Its Role in Alleviating Arthritis
	Introduction
	Curcumin-A Boon for the Arthritis Patient
	Curcumin From Laboratory to Clinical Trials
	Curcumin as a Regulator of the Arthritis Signaling Pathway
	Concomitant Effect of Arthritis Drugs With Curcumin
	Arthritis Treatment With Curcumin Nanoparticles
	Curcumin Analogs and Derivatives in Arthritis Treatment
	References
25
Nuclear Factor Kappa B Inhibition as a Therapeutic Target of Nutraceuticals in Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, and ...
	Introduction
	Rheumatoid Arthritis
	NF-κB Mediator in Rheumatoid Arthritis
	NFKB in Models of RA
	Herbals With Potential Antiarthritic Activities via NF-κB
		Capsicum Genus
		Curcuma Genus
		Garlic
		Ginger
		Licorice
		Pomegranate
		Resveratrol
		Sesamum Oil
		Whitania somnifera
	Nutraceuticals Target the NF-κB Pathway in Arthritis
		Camel Milk
		Glucosamine
		Chondroitin and Glucosamine Combination
		Omega 3 Fatty Acids
	Conclusion
	References
Section E: Plants Extracts and Compounds in Arthritis
26
The Beneficial Role of Rutin, A Naturally Occurring Flavonoid in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention:
	Introduction
	Biosynthesis of Flavonoidal Compounds
	Pharmacological Importance of Flavonoidal Compounds
	Metabolism of Flavonoids
	Biological Sources of Rutin
	Medicinal Importance of Rutin
		General Usage of Rutin
		Pharmacological Usage of Rutin
	Pharmacological Activities of Rutin
		Effect of Rutin on the Antioxidant System
		Effect of Rutin on Bioavailability
		Effect of Rutin on Blood Disorders
		Effect of Rutin Against Cancer
		The Effect of Rutin on Central Nervous System
		The Effect of Rutin on Cardiovascular System
		The Effect of Rutin Against Inflammation
		The Effect of Rutin on Lipid System
		The Effect of Rutin on Liver System
		The Effect of Rutin on Metabolism
		The Effect of Rutin on Bones System
		The Effect of Rutin on the Reproductive System
		The Effect of Rutin on the Urinary System
		Toxicity Study of Rutin
		Cytotoxicity of Rutin
	Discussion
	References
27
Ocimum basilicum L.: Antiinflammatory Actions and Potential Usage for Arthritic Conditions
	Introduction
	Basil (O. basilicum L.)
	Isolated Compounds in Basil
	Immunological and Antiinflammatory Activities
	Biological Activity of Basil
	Basil Toxicity Studies
	Conclusions
	References
28
Antiinflammatory Properties of Schinus terebinthifolius and Its Use in Arthritic Conditions
	Introduction
	Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi-Nomenclature, Folk Medicine, and Chemical Properties
	Ethnopharmacological and Pharmacological Properties
	Gallic Acid
	Methyl Gallate
	Quercetin
	Pentagalloyl Glucose
	Kaempferol
	Conclusion
	References
29
Hemidesmus indicus and Usage for Arthritic Conditions
	Introduction
	Importance of Herbal Medicines
	Present-Day Scenario for Herbal Medicines
	H. indicus
	H. indicus Plant Description
	Phytochemical Constituents of the Plant
	Toxicity Studies of H. indicus
	Therapeutic Evidence of H. indicus
	Conventional Treatment: NSAIDs
	Alternative Treatment: Natural Sources
	Protective Effect of Tissue Necrosis
	Conclusion
	References
30
Phyllanthus spp. as a Potential Alternative Treatment for Arthritic Conditions
	Introduction
	Methods of Evaluating Antiarthritic Properties In Vitro and In Vivo
	Antiarthritic Potential of Phyllanthus
		P. amarus Schumach. & Thonn.
		P. emblica L.
		P. acidus (L.) Skeels
		P. niruri L.
		P. muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell.
		P. polyphyllus Willd., P. urinaria L., P. debilis Klein ex Willd., and P. kozhikodianus Sivar. & Manilal
	Conclusion
	References
31
Purple Willow (Salix purpurea L.) and Its Potential Uses for the Treatment of Arthritis and Rheumatism
	Introduction
		General Description of Salix purpurea L.
	Pharmacological Activity of Willow Bark
		History
		Medicinal Properties of Willow Bark
		Metabolism of Salicylic Glycosides
	The Potential of S. purpurea Bark for Rheumatism Treatment
		Phytopharmaceuticals in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
		Willow Bark Medicines for Rheumatism Treatment
		Composition of S. purpurea Bark
		The Applicability of S. purpurea Bark for the Treatment of Arthritis and Rheumatism
	Conclusions
	References
32
Methylsulfonylmethane: Antiinflammatory Actions and Usage for Arthritic Conditions
	Description of MSM
		History
		Common Applications and Use Statistics
		MSM Synthesis
		Bioavailability and Absorption
	Safety Profile of MSM
	Overview of Mechanisms of MSM Actions
	Common Uses of MSM
	Combating Inflammation and Arthritic Symptoms
		Cell Culture Studies
		Animal Studies
		Human Studies
		Summary of Evidence for Effect
	Conclusion
	References
33
Therapeutic Potential of Thymoquinone in Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Related Autoimmune Diseases
	Introduction
	Thymoquinone Against Rheumatoid and Autoimmune Diseases
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
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