American Stories: A History of the United States, Volume : To 877 [, 4 ed.] 034736028, 978034736020

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Detailed Contents
Special Features
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
1 New World Encounters Preconquest–1608
	Diverse Cultures: Cabeza de Vaca’s journey through Native America
	1.1 Native Americans Before the Conquest
		1.1.1 The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture
		1.1.2 Mexico’s Aztec Empire
		1.1.3 Eastern Woodland Cultures
	1.2 Conditions of Conquest
		1.2.1 West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
		1.2.2 Cultural Negotiations in the Americas
		1.2.3 Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease
		1.2.4 Past and Present: New World Exploration and the Modern American Diet
	1.3 Europe on the Eve of Conquest
		1.3.1 Spanish Expansion
		1.3.2 Christopher Columbus: Journeys to a “New World”
	1.4 Spain in the Americas
		1.4.1 The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed
		1.4.2 From Plunder to Settlement
	1.5 The French Claim Canada
	1.6 The English Take Up the Challenge
		1.6.1 Birth of English Protestantism
		1.6.2 Religion, War, and Nationalism
	Conclusion: Campaign To Sell America
	Chapter 1 Timeline
	Chapter Review: New World Encounters: Preconquest–1608
2 England’s New World Experiments 1607–1732
	Profit and Piety: Competing Visions for English Settlement
	2.1 Hard Decisions: Moving to America
		2.1.1 The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth
		2.1.2 Threat of Anarchy
		2.1.3 Tobacco Saves Virginia
		2.1.4 Time of Reckoning
		2.1.5 Maryland: A Catholic Refuge
		2.1.6 Past and Present: African-American Freedom in Seventeenth-Century Virginia
	2.2 Reforming England in America
		2.2.1 Pilgrims in Search of a New Home
		2.2.2 The Puritan Migration to Massachusetts
		2.2.3 “A City on a Hill”
		2.2.4 Competing Truths in New England
		2.2.5 Mobility and Division
	2.3 Diversity in the Middle Colonies
		2.3.1 Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
		2.3.2 Confusion in New Jersey
		2.3.3 Quakers in America
		2.3.4 Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
	2.4 Planting the Southern Colonies
		2.4.1 Founding the Carolinas
		2.4.2 Founding of Georgia
	Conclusion: Living with Diversity
	Chapter 2 Timeline
	Chapter Review: England’s New World Experiments 1607–1732
3 Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society 1619–1692
	Families in an Atlantic Empire
	3.1 Social Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century
		3.1.1 Immigrant Families and New Social Order
		3.1.2 Puritan Women in New England
		3.1.3 Establishing a New Social Order
	3.2 The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment
		3.2.1 Families at Risk
		3.2.2 The Structure of Planter Society
	3.3 Race and Freedom in British America
		3.3.1 Roots of Slavery
		3.3.2 Constructing African American Identities
	3.4 Commercial Blueprint for an Empire
		3.4.1 Regulating Colonial Trade
	3.5 Colonial Political Revolts
		3.5.1 Civil War in Virginia: Bacon’s Rebellion
		3.5.2 The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony
		3.5.3 Contagion of Witchcraft
		3.5.4 Past and Present: The Salem Witch Trials and the Appeal of Conspiracy Theories
	Conclusion: Foundations of an Atlantic Empire
	Chapter 3 Timeline
	Chapter Review: Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and
Oppression in Colonial Society 1619–1692
4 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 1680–1763
	Constructing an Anglo-American Identity: The Journal of William Byrd II
	4.1 Tensions in the Backcountry
		4.1.1 Scots-Irish Flee English Oppression
		4.1.2 Germans Search for a Better Life
		4.1.3 Native Americans Stake Out a Middle Ground
		4.1.4 Conquering New Spain’s Northern Frontier
		4.1.5 Peoples of the Spanish Borderlands
	4.2 The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture
		4.2.1 American Enlightenment
		4.2.2 Benjamin Franklin
		4.2.3 Economic Transformation
		4.2.4 Past and Present: Global Commerce in the Eighteenth Century
		4.2.5 Birth of a Consumer Society
	4.3 Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies
		4.3.1 The Great Awakening
		4.3.2 Evangelical Religion
	4.4 Clash of Political Cultures
		4.4.1 Governing the Colonies: The American Perspective
		4.4.2 Colonial Assemblies
	4.5 Century of Imperial War
		4.5.1 The French Threat
		4.5.2 King George’s War and Its Aftermath
		4.5.3 Seven Years’ War: The First World War
		4.5.4 Perceptions of War
	Conclusion: Rule Britannia?
	Chapter 4 Timline
	Chapter Review: Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century
America 1680–1763
5 The American Revolution: From Elite Protest to Popular Revolt 1763–1783
	Moment of Decision: Commitment and Sacrifice
	5.1 Structure of Colonial Society
		5.1.1 Breakdown of Political Trust
		5.1.2 No Taxation Without Representation: The American Perspective
		5.1.3 Justifying Resistance
	5.2 Eroding the Bonds of Empire
		5.2.1 Native Americans Challenge the Empire
		5.2.2 Paying Off the National Debt
		5.2.3 Parliament Sparks Popular Resistance
		5.2.4 Fueling the Crisis
		5.2.5 Soldiers Enforce British Policy
		5.2.6 The Final Provocation: The Boston Tea Party
	5.3 Armed Defense of American Communities
		5.3.1 Protest Turns Violent
		5.3.2 Waging War Before Independence
	5.4 Fighting for Independence
		5.4.1 Perils of Waging a Distant Colonial War
		5.4.2 Building a Professional Army
		5.4.3 “Times That Try Men’s Souls”
		5.4.4 The Victory That Changed the War
		5.4.5 The French Alliance
		5.4.6 Past and Present: The American Revolution and Native American Sovereignty
		5.4.7 The Final Campaign
		5.4.8 The Loyalist Dilemma
	Conclusion: Preserving Independence
	Chapter 5 Timeline
	Chapter Review: The American Revolution: From Elite Protest to
Popular Revolt 1763–1783
6 The Republican Experiment 1783–1789
	A New Political Morality
	6.1 Defining the New Republican Culture
		6.1.1 Social and Political Reform
		6.1.2 African Americans in the New Republic
		6.1.3 The Challenge of Women’s Rights
		6.1.4 The States: Experiments in Republicanism
	6.2 Stumbling Toward a New National Government
		6.2.1 Articles of Confederation
		6.2.2 Western Land: Key to the First Constitution
		6.2.3 Northwest Ordinance: The Confederation’s Major Achievement
	6.3 “Have We Fought for This?”
		6.3.1 Arguments for a Strong Central Government
		6.3.2 Armed Resistance and Constitutional Reform
		6.3.3 The Philadelphia Convention
		6.3.4 Inventing a Federal Republic
		6.3.5 Compromise Saves the Convention
		6.3.6 The Last Details
		6.3.7 We the People
		6.3.8 Past and Present: The Constitution and the Doctrine of Original Intent
	6.4 Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification
		6.4.1 Federalists and Anti-Federalists
		6.4.2 Adding the Bill of Rights
	Conclusion: Success Depends on the People
	Chapter 6 Timeline
	Chapter Review: The Republican Experiment 1783–1789
7 Democracy and Dissent: The Violence of Party Politics 1788–1800
	Force of Public Opinion
	7.1 The Challenge of Establishing a New Government
		7.1.1 Getting Started
		7.1.2 Powerful Rivals: Jefferson vs. Hamilton
	7.2 Hamilton’s Plan for National Prosperity and Security
		7.2.1 Debt as a Source of National Strength
		7.2.2 Interpreting the Constitution: The Bank Controversy
		7.2.3 Setback for Hamilton
	7.3 Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs
		7.3.1 The United States in a World at War
		7.3.2 Jay’s Treaty Sparks Domestic Unrest
		7.3.3 Pushing the Native Americans Aside
		7.3.4 The Haitian Revolution: Racism and Revolution
	7.4  Popular Political Culture
		7.4.1 Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of Republican Conspiracy
		7.4.2 Washington’s Farewell
	7.5 The Adams Presidency: Politics of Mistrust
		7.5.1 The XYZ Affair and Domestic Politics
		7.5.2 Crushing Political Dissent
		7.5.3 Declaring Political Opposition a Crime: The Alien and Sedition Acts
		7.5.4 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
		7.5.5 Adams’s Finest Hour
		7.5.6 The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800
		7.5.7 Past and Present: The Press and Politics in the Early Republic
	Conclusion: Danger of Political Extremism
	Chapter 7 Timeline
	Chapter Review: Democracy and Dissent: The Violence of Party
Politics 1788–1800
8 Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision 1800–1814
	Limits of Equality
	8.1 Regional Identities in an Expanding Republic
		8.1.1 Westward the Course of Empire
		8.1.2 Native American Resistance
		8.1.3 Commercial Life in the Cities
	8.2 Jefferson as President
		8.2.1 Political Reforms
		8.2.2 The Louisiana Purchase
		8.2.3 The Lewis and Clark Expedition
	8.3 Race and Dissent Under Jefferson
		8.3.1 Attack on the Judges
		8.3.2 Past and Present: Tensions Between the
Executive and Judicial Branches
		8.3.3 The Slave Trade
	8.4 Embarrassments Overseas
		8.4.1 Neutral Shipping Gets Caught in the Middle
		8.4.2 Embargo Divides the Nation
		8.4.3 A New Administration Goes to War
		8.4.4 Fumbling Toward Conflict
	8.5 The War of 1812: Conflicting Goals
		8.5.1 Fighting the British
		8.5.2 Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists
	Conclusion: The “Second War of Independence”
	Chapter 8 Timeline
	Chapter Review: Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian
Vision 1800–1814
9 Nation Building and Nationalism 1815–1825
	A Revolutionary War Hero Revisits America in 1824
	9.1 Expansion and Migration
		9.1.1 Extending the Boundaries
		9.1.2 Native American Societies Under Pressure
	9.2 Transportation and the Market Economy
		9.2.1 Roads and Steamboats
		9.2.2 Emergence of a Market Economy
		9.2.3 Early Industrialism
	9.3 The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812
		9.3.1 The Missouri Compromise
		9.3.2 Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court
		9.3.3 Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine
		9.3.4 Past and Present: The Monroe Doctrine, Past and Present
	Conclusion: The End of the Era of Good Feeling
	Chapter 9 Timeline
	Chapter Review: Nation Building and Nationalism 1815–1825
10 The Triumph of White Men’s Democracy 1824–1840
	Democratic Space: The New Hotels
	10.1 Democracy in Theory and Practice
		10.1.1 Democratic Culture
		10.1.2 Democratic Political Institutions
		10.1.3 Economic Issues
	10.2 Jackson and the Politics of Democracy
		10.2.1 Jackson Builds Support
		10.2.2 The Election of 1828
		10.2.3 Indian Removal
		10.2.4 The Nullification Crisis
	10.3 The Bank War and the Second-Party System
		10.3.1 The Bank Veto and the Election of 1832
		10.3.2 Killing the Bank
		10.3.3 The Emergence of the Whigs
		10.3.4 Past and Present: The Two-Party System Then and Now
	10.4 Heyday of the Second-Party System
	Conclusion: Tocqueville’s Wisdom
	Chapter 10 Timeline
	Chapter Review: The Triumph of White Men’s Democracy
1824–1840
11 Slaves and Masters 1793–1861
	Nat Turner’s Rebellion: A Turning Point in the Slave South
	11.1 The World of Southern Blacks
		11.1.1 Slaves’ Daily Life and Labor
		11.1.2 Slave Families, Kinship, and Community
		11.1.3 Resistance and Rebellion
		11.1.4 Free People of Color in the Old South
		11.1.5 Past and Present: Racial Identity on Trial
	11.2 White Society in the Antebellum South
		11.2.1 The Planters’ World
		11.2.2 Planters, Racism, and Paternalism
		11.2.3 Yeoman Farmers
		11.2.4 The Proslavery Argument
	11.3 Slavery and the Southern Economy
		11.3.1 The Internal Slave Trade
		11.3.2 The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom
	Conclusion: Worlds in Conflict
	Chapter 11 Timeline
	Chapter Review: Slaves and Masters 1793–1861
12 The Pursuit of Perfection 1800–1861
	Redeeming the Middle Class
	12.1 The Rise of Evangelicalism
		12.1.1 The Second Great Awakening
		12.1.2 Past and Present: Evangelical Religion in U.S. Politics
		12.1.3 From Revivalism to Reform
	12.2 Domesticity and Changes in the American Family
		12.2.1 The Cult of Domesticity
		12.2.2 Children and the Reform of Education
	12.3 Reform Turns Radical
		12.3.1 The Black Roots of Radical Abolitionism
		12.3.2 The Rise of Interracial Immediatism
		12.3.3 From Abolitionism to Women’s Rights
	Conclusion: The Limits of Perfectionism
	Chapter 12 Timeline
	Chapter Review: The Pursuit of Perfection 1800–1861
13 An Age of Expansionism 1830–1861
	The Spirit of Young America
	13.1 Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican–American War
		13.1.1 The Texas Revolution
		13.1.2 The Republic of Texas
		13.1.3 The Annexation of Texas
		13.1.4 The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny
		13.1.5 War with Mexico
		13.1.6 Settlement of the Mexican–American War
	13.2 Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution
		13.2.1 The Triumph of the Railroad
		13.2.2 The Industrial Revolution Takes Off
		13.2.3 Mass Immigration Begins
		13.2.4 The New Working Class
		13.2.5 Past and Present: Industrial Working Conditions
	Conclusion: The Costs of Expansion
	Chapter 13 Timeline
	Chapter Review: An Age of Expansionism 1830–1861
14 The Sectional Crisis 1846–1861
	Brooks Assaults Sumner in Congress
	14.1 The Compromise of 1850
		14.1.1 The Problem of Slavery in the Mexican Cession
		14.1.2 The Wilmot Proviso Launches the Free-Soil Movement
		14.1.3 Forging a Compromise
	14.2 Political Upheaval, 1852–1856
		14.2.1 The Party System in Crisis
		14.2.2 The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm
		14.2.3 Kansas and the Rise of the Republicans
		14.2.4 Past and Present: Anti-Immigrant Movements
		14.2.5 Sectional Division in the Election of 1856
	14.3 The House Divided, 1857–1860
		14.3.1 Cultural and Religious Sectionalism
		14.3.2 The Dred Scott Case
		14.3.3 Debating the Morality of Slavery
		14.3.4 The Election of 1860
		14.3.5 Explaining the Crisis
	Conclusion: A House Divided
	Chapter 14 Timeline
	Chapter Review: The Sectional Crisis 1846–1861
15 Secession and the Civil War 1860–1865
	The Emergence of Lincoln
	15.1 The Storm Gathers
		15.1.1 The Deep South Secedes
		15.1.2 The Failure of Compromise
		15.1.3 And the War Came
	15.2 Adjusting to Total War
		15.2.1 Mobilizing the Home Fronts
		15.2.2 Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern Failure
		15.2.3 Past and Present: Wartime Civil Liberties: Then and Now
		15.2.4 Early Campaigns and Battles
	15.3 Fight to the Finish
		15.3.1 The Coming of Emancipation
		15.3.2 African Americans and the War
		15.3.3 The Tide Turns
		15.3.4 Last Stages of the Conflict
	15.4 Effects of the War
	Conclusion: An Organizational Revolution
	Chapter 15 Timeline
	Chapter Review: Secession and the Civil War 1860–1865
16 The Agony of Reconstruction 1865–1877
	Robert Smalls and Black Politicians During Reconstruction
	16.1 The President Versus Congress
		16.1.1 Wartime Reconstruction
		16.1.2 Andrew Johnson at the Helm
		16.1.3 Congress Takes the Initiative
		16.1.4 Past and Present: The Reconstruction Amendments
		16.1.5 Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted
		16.1.6 The Impeachment Crisis
	16.2 Reconstructing Southern Society
		16.2.1 Reorganizing Land and Labor
		16.2.2 Slavery by Another Name?
		16.2.3 Republican Rule in the South
		16.2.4 Claiming Public and Private Rights
	16.3 Retreat from Reconstruction
		16.3.1 Final Efforts of Reconstruction
		16.3.2 A Reign of Terror Against Blacks
	16.4 Reunion and the New South
		16.4.1 The Compromise of 1877
		16.4.2 “Redeeming” A New South
		16.4.3 The Rise of Jim Crow
	Conclusion: Henry McNeal Turner and the “Unfinished Revolution”
	Chapter 16 Timeline
	Chapter Review: The Agony of Reconstruction 1865–1877
Appendix
	The Declaration of Independence
	The Articles of Confederation
	The Constitution of the United States of America
	Amendments to the Constitution
	Presidential Elections
Glossary
Credits
Index
Back Cover