Advanced Nanostructures for Environmental Health

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Half Title
Advanced Nanostructures for Environmental Health
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Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
1. When the nanostructures meet the environmental health key issues
	1.1 About environmental health and nanostructures and their relation with the real life
	1.2 Approaches regarding the advanced nanostructures used in environmental health issues
	1.3 Predictions about nanostructure involvement in environmental health applications
	Acknowledgment
	References
	Further reading
2. Sensitive detection of organic pollutants by advanced nanostructures
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Detection of hydrocarbons: Fuels and PAHs
		2.2.1 Fuels
		2.2.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
	2.3 Organic solvents and VOCs
		2.3.1 Detection of organic solvents in aqueous environment and contaminated water
		2.3.2 Monitoring of VOCs by gas sensors
	2.4 Persistent organic pollutants: Detection of pesticides and halogenated biphenyls and bisphenols
		2.4.1 Pesticides
		2.4.2 Halogenated biphenyls and bisphenols
	2.5 Detection schemes for molecules relevant in industrial production and water treatment
		2.5.1 Phenols
		2.5.2 Dye molecules
		2.5.3 Other organic pollutants from industrial production
		2.5.4 Disinfection agents
	2.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
3. Nanostructures based detection of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Synthesis of the nanostructures/nanocomposites used for sensing platforms
		3.2.1 Carbon-based nanostructures/nanocomposites
			3.2.1.1 Carbon nanotubes and their nanocomposites
			3.2.1.2 Graphenes and their nanocomposites
		3.2.2 Metallic nanostructures
		3.2.3 Oxide nanostructures
	3.3 Pharmacologically active substances
		3.3.1 Electrochemical and optical detection of pharmaceutical compounds
			3.3.1.1 Electrochemical and optical detection of acetaminophen
			3.3.1.2 Electrochemical and optical detection of folic acid
			3.3.1.3 Electrochemical detection of α-lipoic acid
			3.3.1.4 Electrochemical and optical detection of melatonin
			3.3.1.5 Electrochemical detection of azathioprine
		3.3.2 The performance of sensing platforms in the hormone field
		3.3.3 The performance of sensing platforms in the toxin/neurotoxin field
	3.4 Conclusions and perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
4. Sensitive detection of metals and metalloids by using nanostructures and fluorimetric method
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 The importance of metals and metalloids
		4.1.2 Advantages of fluorimetric methods
	4.2 Fluorescence of nanostructures
		4.2.1 Noble metal nanoparticles
		4.2.2 Metal chalcogenide quantum dots
		4.2.3 Metal oxide nanoparticles
		4.2.4 Upconversion nanomaterials
		4.2.5 Carbon-based nanomaterials
	4.3 Metal and metalloid detection
		4.3.1 Silver detection
			4.3.1.1 Inorganic nanostructures
			4.3.1.2 Carbon-based nanostructures
		4.3.2 Aluminum detection
			4.3.2.1 Inorganic nanomaterials
			4.3.2.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
			4.3.2.3 Organic nanomaterials
			4.3.2.4 Organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials
		4.3.3 Cobalt detection
			4.3.3.1 Inorganic nanomaterials
			4.3.3.2 Organic nanomaterials
		4.3.4 Mercury detection
			4.3.4.1 Noble metal nanocluster and nanoparticles
			4.3.4.2 Magnetite nanoparticles
			4.3.4.3 Other nanostructures
		4.3.5 Cadmium detection
			4.3.5.1 Metal nanoparticles
			4.3.5.2 Metal chalcogenides
			4.3.5.3 Organic nanoparticles
			4.3.5.4 Other nanostructures
		4.3.6 Zinc detection
			4.3.6.1 Metal nanomaterials
			4.3.6.2 Magnetite nanomaterials
			4.3.6.3 Metal chalcogenides
			4.3.6.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials
			4.3.6.5 Other nanomaterials
		4.3.7 Lead detection
			4.3.7.1 Au nanomaterials
			4.3.7.2 Other metal nanomaterials
			4.3.7.3 Carbon-based nanomaterials
			4.3.7.4 Other nanostructures
		4.3.8 Iron detection
			4.3.8.1 Inorganic nanostructures
			4.3.8.2 Carbon nanomaterials
			4.3.8.3 Other nanostructures
		4.3.9 Copper detection
			4.3.9.1 Inorganic nanostructures
			4.3.9.2 Carbon-based nanostructures
			4.3.9.3 Polymeric nanostructures
			4.3.9.4 Other nanostructures
		4.3.10 Chromium detection
			4.3.10.1 Inorganic nanostructures
			4.3.10.2 Carbon-based nanostructures
			4.3.10.3 Other nanostructures
		4.3.11 Arsenic detection
			4.3.11.1 Inorganic nanomaterials
			4.3.11.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
			4.3.11.3 Aptasensors
		4.3.12 Gold detection
		4.3.13 Calcium detection
		4.3.14 Manganese detection
		4.3.15 Tin detection
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5. Heavy metal and metalloid electrochemical detection by composite nanostructures
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Up-to-date developments in the nanocomposite material based electrochemical sensors for detection of heavy metals and metalloids
	5.3 Synthesis, structure, morphology, and application of carbon composite materials for metal and metalloid detection
		5.3.1 Graphite composite-based electrode
		5.3.2 Porous carbon composite-based electrodes
		5.3.3 Carbon nanotube composite-based electrode
		5.3.4 Graphene composite based electrodes
	5.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
6. Detection of gas molecules by means of spectrometric and spectroscopic methods
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Mass spectrometry techniques
		6.2.1 Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
		6.2.2 Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
		6.2.3 Membrane-inlet mass spectrometry
		6.2.4 Chemical ionization
			6.2.4.1 Selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry
			6.2.4.2 Proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry
			6.2.4.3 Direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry
		6.2.5 Summary of mass spectrometric methods
	6.3 Ion-mobility spectrometry
	6.4 Laser spectroscopic techniques
		6.4.1 Absorption methods
			6.4.1.1 Infrared absorption spectroscopy
			6.4.1.2 Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
			6.4.1.3 Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy
			6.4.1.4 Differential optical absorption spectroscopy
			6.4.1.5 LIDAR methods
			6.4.1.6 Photoacoustic spectroscopy
		6.4.2 Fluorescence methods
			6.4.2.1 Laser-induced fluorescence
			6.4.2.2 Chemiluminescence
		6.4.3 Raman spectroscopy
			6.4.3.1 Enhancement methods
	6.5 Summary
	Acknowledgment
	References
7. Advanced composite nanostructures as gas sensors
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Indirect gas-sensing techniques using composite nanostructures; general principles, solutions, and materials
		7.2.1 Catalytic combustion sensors
		7.2.2 Thermal conductivity sensors
		7.2.3 Modern variations in the catalytic combustion and thermal conductivity sensors
		7.2.4 Conductivity-based sensors
		7.2.5 Work function-based sensors
		7.2.6 Electrochemical sensors
		7.2.7 Acoustic gas sensors
	7.3 Some specific applications of composite nanostructures in gas sensing with typical sensors performances, preparation methods and material properties
		7.3.1 Gas filtering with zeolitic materials and composites
		7.3.2 Gas filtering with porous carbon and composites
		7.3.3 Gas filtering using thin films
		7.3.4 Use of nanocomposite films and nanostructures as active layer in gas sensors
	7.4 Summary and conclusions
	References
8. Advanced nanostructures for microbial contaminants detection by means of spectroscopic methods
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Detecting microbial contaminants by SERS
		8.2.1 Direct SERS detection of microbial contaminants
		8.2.2 In situ preparation of SERS active substrates for direct detection of microbial contaminants
		8.2.3 Direct SERS detection of membrane fouling
		8.2.4 Indirect SERS detection of microbial contaminants
		8.2.5 SERS detection of pathogenic contaminants in microfluidic device
	8.3 Detecting microbial contaminants by IR spectroscopy
	8.4 Detecting microbial contaminants by fluorescence spectroscopy
	8.5 Detecting microbial contaminants by localized or surface plasmon resonance (LSPR or SPR)
	8.6 Detecting microbial contaminants by impedance spectroscopy
	8.7 Conclusions and outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
9. Semiconductor mixed oxides as innovative materials for the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Principles of heterogeneous photocatalysis
	9.3 Mixed TiO2-metal oxides photocatalysts
		9.3.1 Mixed TiO2 polymorphs
		9.3.2 TiO2-SiO2 mixed oxides
		9.3.3 TiO2-ZnO mixed oxides
		9.3.4 TiO2-WO3 mixed oxides
		9.3.5 TiO2-Fe2O3 mixed oxides
		9.3.6 TiO2–γ-Fe2O3 and TiO2-Fe3O4 mixed oxides
		9.3.7 TiO2-SnO2 mixed oxides
		9.3.8 TiO2-Cu2O mixed oxides
		9.3.9 TiO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides
		9.3.10 TiO2-CeO2 mixed oxides
	9.4 Mixed ZnO-metal oxides photocatalysts
		9.4.1 ZnO-SnO2 mixed oxides
		9.4.2 ZnO-CuO mixed oxides
		9.4.3 ZnO-Fe2O3 mixed oxides
		9.4.4 ZnO-WO3 mixed oxides
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
10. Composite nanostructures as potential materials for water and air cleaning with enhanced efficiency
	10.1 Current trends in environmental depollution
	10.2 Photocatalysis
		10.2.1 Heterogeneous photocatalysis
			Step 1: Pollutant(s) adsorption on the photocatalytic surface
			Step 2: Photoactivation of the catalyst under irradiation
			Step 3: The oxidation of the pollutant(s) or intermediate products
			Step 4: Desorption of the intermediate or final oxidation products
		10.2.2 Photocatalytic materials for environmental applications
		10.2.3 Photocatalytic composite structures
			10.2.3.1 The CIS-TiO2-SnO2 composites photocatalyst
			10.2.3.2 The photocatalyst composites having as narrow bandgap the CuxS semiconductor
			10.2.3.3 The composite photocatalysts SnO2/CuxS/ZnO and SnO2/CuxS/TiO2
			10.2.3.4 The composite photocatalysts CZTS/TiO2
			10.2.3.5 Continuous flow photocatalytic processes
			10.2.3.6 New trends on composite photocatalytic structures
	10.3 Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
11. Removal of bacteria, viruses, and other microbial entities by means of nanoparticles
	11.1 Literature prescreening
	11.2 Bio-nanoparticles—Valuable biochemical structures for living organisms
	11.3 Noble NPs play a key role as antimicrobial agents
		11.3.1 Gold nanoparticles
		11.3.2 Silver nanoparticles
		11.3.3 Platinum nanoparticles
	11.4 Other metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with microbial applications
	11.5 Bio-nanomaterials (nanocomposites) produced by microbes with microbal applications
	11.6 Removal of pathogenic strains from different environments
	11.7 Conclusions
	References
12. Pilot-plant scaled water treatment technologies, standards for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern based on photocatalytic materials
	12.1 Photocatalysis, photocatalytic reactors, standardization in publication databases
	12.2 Issues concerning photocatalytic reactors
	12.3 Types of photoreactors used
	12.4 Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in drinking water
	12.5 Photocatalytic reactors for CEC degradation and the possible drawbacks
	12.6 Standardization of photocatalysis: It is good for CECs?
	12.7 Conclusions
	12.8 New insights and trends—Final remarks
	Annex 12.1
	Acknowledgements
	References
13. Perspectives of environmental health issues addressed by advanced nanostructures
	13.1 Nanostructures—Synthesis, properties, and varieties
	13.2 Environmental remediation by photocatalytic approaches—New trends, perspectives, and issues
	13.3 Use of vibrational spectroscopy to characterize nanostructures—Chances and challenges
	13.4 Detection of gaseous pollutants
	13.5 The problem with everything nanosized
	13.6 Concluding remarks
	References
	Further reading
Index
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