Empirical nursing : the art of evidence-based care

Front Cover
Empirical Nursing: The Art of Evidence-Based Care
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Foreword
Preface: Using this Book
Chapter 1 Science and Nursing – Why Should I Care?
	Science Under Siege
	Nursing Epistemology
	Science and Technology in Nursing
	Science and Medicine in Contemporary Health Care
	Nursing Science
	Nursing Praxis
	Pragmatism and its Value for Nursing
	Making Sense of Nursing Theory
	Summary
	Key Points for Further Discussion
	References
Chapter 2 The Rise of Empiricism
	The Beginnings of Science
	Science in the Medieval World
	The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
	The Age of Enlightenment
		Mathematical Probability
		Rationalism
		A Priori and a Posteriori Knowledge
	The Rise of Empiricism
		The Hypothetico-deductive Method
		Inductive Reasoning
			The Problem of Induction
	Deductive Reasoning
		Abductive Reasoning
	Summary
	Key Points for Further Discussion
	References
Chapter 3 Modern Science and Nursing
	Romanticism
	Positivism
	Logical Positivism
	Pragmatism
		Classical Pragmatism
		Neo-pragmatism
	Post-positivism and Karl Popper’s Critical Rationalism
		Falsifiability
		Popper’s Critical Rationalism
		Popper’s Scientific Legacy
	Thomas Kuhn: Scientific Evolution and Revolutions
	The Revolution in Physics and Its Impact on Scientific Philosophy
	Summary
	Key Points for Further Discussion
	References
Chapter 4 Scientific Determinism, Causality and Care
	Scientific Determinism and Causality
	The Deductive-Nomological Model
		The Deductive Statistical Model
		The Inductive Statistical Model (I-S Model)
	The Statistical Relevance (S-R) Model
	The Causal Mechanics (C-M) Model
	The Pragmatic Model
	Unification
	Summary
	Key Points for Further Discussion
	References
Chapter 5 Social Science: Scientific Realism, Alternative Frameworks and the Rise of Postmodern Thought
	Metaphysics and Science
	Scientific Realism
		Arguments Supporting Scientific Realism
		Criticism of Scientific Realism
	Non-Realist Empirical Frameworks
	Anti-Realism (Nominalism)
		Arguments for Anti-Realism
		Criticism of Anti-Realism
	The Mind-Body Problem Revisited
	Reductionism and Holism
		Reductionism
		Holism
	Interpretivist and Constructivist Rationales
		Intentionality
		Phenomenology
		Hermeneutics
		Critical Theory
		Feminist Inquiry
		Social Constructionism and Constructivism
	Postmodernism
		Epistemological Relativism
		The Development of Postmodern Thought
		Deconstruction
		Neo-Pragmatism
			Ways of Knowing
			Trans-cultural Nursing
		Reaction to Postmodernism
	Post-Structuralism
	Post-postmodernism
	Caring and the Divine
		Unitary Human Beings
		Health as Human Consciousness
		Human Becoming
		Caring Caritas
		Integral Nursing
		The Appeal to Divinity
	Map of the Problematique: The Limits of Postmodern Thought
	Description and Explanation vs Prediction
	Research Culture and Ethics in the Social Sciences
	Summary
	Key Points for Further Discussion
	References
Chapter 6 Evidence-Based Practice and Contemporary Nursing
	The Evidence-Based Practice Process
	The Evidence Pyramid
	Scientific Theories, Concepts, Constructs and Variables
	Verification; Reliability and Validity
		Reliability
			Inter-Rater Reliability
			Test-Retest Reliability
			Parallel Forms of Reliability
			Internal Consistency
	Validity
		Internal Validity
			Construct Validity
				Face value and content validity
				Criterion-referenced validity
				Convergent Validity
				Divergent/Discriminant Validity
			External Validity
	Transferability and Dependability
		Credibility
	Research Methods for Evidence-Based Practice
		Qualitative Research
			Interpretive Methods
			Ethnography
			Grounded Theory
			Phenomenology
			Phenomenography
			Narrative Analysis
			Method Blending/Slurring
		Quantitative Research
			Observation and Experimentation
			Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
				Variables and Distributions
				Standard Deviation
				Variance
				Skewness and Kurtosis
			Sampling
				Non-Probability Sampling
				Probability Sampling
				Sample Size
			Hypothesis Testing
				Statistical Significance
				Clinical Significance
					Absoulte Risk Reduction (RRR)
					Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)
					Odds Ratio (OR)
					Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
				Confidence Interval and Levels
				Power
			Criticism of Statistical Hypothesis Testing
	Criticism of Evidence-Based Practice and the Semantics of Practice
	Summary
	Key Points for Further Discussion
	References
Chapter 7 Perception and Proof
	Intuitive Knowing
		The Limits of Intuitive Knowing
			Perception and Order
			Regression to the Mean
			Cognition and Memory
			Falsity
			Confirmation and Other Forms of Cognitive Bias
		Probability
			The Monty Hall Problem
			Epidemiological Statistics
			Bayes’ Theorem
	Summary
	Key Points for Further Discussion
	References
Chapter 8 The Role of Science in Nursing and Contemporary Health Care
	Non-science
	Pseudo-science
	Quasi-science
	Bad Science
	Errors of Logic and Reasoning Fallacies
		Fallacy of Accident (Generalisation)
		Argument from Adverse Consequences
		Fallacy of Ad Hoc Reasoning
		Fallacy of Ad Hominem
		Fallacy of Ad Ignorantiam
		Appeal to Authority
		Begging the Question
		Circular Reasoning
		Appeal to Conviction
		Appeal to Common Practice
		Fallacy of Correlation not Causation
		Denial of Causation
		Fallacy of Division
		Fallacy of Exception
		Argument from Fallacy
		False Analogy
		False Continuum
		Inconsistency
		Moving Goalpost
		Naturalistic Fallacy
	No True Scotsman Fallacy
		Non-sequitur
		Package-dealing
		Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
		Reductio Ad Absurdum
		The Reduction of Complex Phenomena/False Dichotomy
		Slippery Slope
		Straw Man Argument
		Tautology
		Teleological Thinking
		Appeal to Hypocrisy
		Assigning the Unexplained to the Unexplainable
	Problematic Practice
		Immunisation Scares
		HIV/AIDS Denialism
		Faith-healing
	Discriminating Practice
	Regulating Practice
	Summary
	Key Points for Further Discussion
	References
Chapter 9 An Empirical Framework for Nursing Practice
	The Changing Nature of Nursing
		Conventional Wisdom of the Dominant Group
		Marginalizing Science in the Curriculum
		Moving beyond Ways of Knowing and Being
	The Impact of Technology on Nursing
	Evidence-based Practice and Pragmatic Health Care
	An Empirical Framework for Nursing
		Nursing
		Health
		The Epistemological Basis for Nursing Knowledge
		Client
		Nursing Care
		Environment
			Public Healthcare Provision
				Primary Health care
				Secondary Health care
				Tertiary Health care
		A Framework for Implementing Care
			Assessment
			Nursing Diagnosis
			Implementation Evaluation and Planning Care
	New Pragmatism in Nursing
	Concluding Remarks
	Key Points for Further Discussion
	References
Glossary
The Good Science Detection Guide
	References
Index