3D Printing for the Radiologist

3D Printing for the Radiologist
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. An Abbreviated History of Medical 3D Printing
	Introduction
	1980s—3D Printing Pioneering Work and Earliest 3D Printing in Medicine
	1990s—3D Printed Anatomic Models and Personalized Implants
	2000s—Digital Design, Additive Metals, and Foundations for Future Virtual Work
	2010s—Virtual Surgery and Templates, Hospital-Based 3D Printing, the FDA, Reimbursement
	References
2. Medical Imaging Technologies and Imaging Considerations for 3D Printed Anatomic Models
	Computed Tomography
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Current MRI Systems
	Ultrasound
	Imaging Considerations for 3D Printed Anatomic Models
		Volumetric Data
		Spatial Resolution and Slice Thickness
		Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
		Image Artifacts
		Image Storage
	Discussion
	References
3. Image Segmentation and Nonuniformity Correction Methods
	Introduction
		Region-Based Segmentation
		Boundary-Based Segmentation
		Atlas-Based Segmentation
		Classification-Based Segmentation
	Nonuniformity Correction for Accurate MRI Segmentation
		Prospective Approaches
		Retrospective Approaches
		N3/N4 Algorithm
		BiCal Algorithm
	Segmentation Software
	After Segmentation
	References
4. Computer-Aided Design Principles for Anatomic Modeling
	Introduction
	CAD Principles
	Design Operations
		Anatomic Models
		Anatomic Guides and Molds
	Model Analysis and Simulation Through CAD
		Finite Element Analysis
		Computational Fluid Dynamics
	Integrating 3D Printing with Simulation Models
	Conclusions
	References
5. 3D Printing Principles and Technologies
	Introduction
	Vat Photopolymerization
		Materials
		Medical Applications
	Material Extrusion
		Materials
		Medical Applications
	Material Jetting
		Materials
		Medical Applications
	Binder Jetting
		Materials
		Medical Applications
	Powder Bed Fusion
		Materials
		Polymer Printing (SLS and Multi Jet Fusion)
		Metal Printing (DMLS, SLM, EBM, DMLM)
		Medical Applications
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
6. 3D Printed Anatomic Models and Guides
	Introduction
	Anatomic Models
		Simple Anatomic Models
			Case 1
			Case 2
		Complex Anatomic Models
			Case 1
			Case 2
			Case 3
			Case 4
			Case 5
		Anatomic Models for Simulation and Rehearsal
			Case 1
			Case 2
	Anatomic Guides
		Outline placeholder
			Case 1
			Case 2
		3D Printed Patient-Specific Implant Considerations
	Discussion
		Clinical Appropriateness
	Future Insight
	References
7. Quality Assurance of 3D Printed Anatomic Models
	QA in Radiology
	QA of 3D Printed Parts in Medicine
	Bridging the Gap Between Radiology and Manufacturing
		QA and Optimization of Image Acquisition and Segmentation for Anatomic Models
		Model Design and Preparation for Printing
		3D Printing Hardware
		Cleaning and Post-processing
		Sterilization of 3D Printed Anatomic Models
	Verification of the 3D Printed Model
	Caliper Measurements
		Surface Scanning and CT Scanning
	Conclusion
	References
8. Documentation and Reimbursement for 3D Printed Anatomic Models and Guides
	Introduction
	Documentation
		Medical record
		Data storage organization
		Dictation
	Reimbursement
		Current procedural terminology codes
		Establishment of CPT codes for 3D printed anatomic models and guides
		Future application for Category I CPT code
	RSNA-ACR 3D printing registry
		Registry design and implementation
		Registry scope: anatomic models and anatomic guides
		Data dictionary
		Registry participation
		Registry data for institutional quality improvement and to support reimbursement
	Conclusions
	References
9. Regulatory Perspectives for 3D Printing in Hospitals
	Introduction
		Medical Device Classification
	Medical Device Regulations
		3D Printed Guides
		Patient-Matched versus Custom Devices
			Example of patient-matched device: cranioplasty
			Example of custom device: femoral component of failed total knee replacement
		3D Printing in Hospitals
		FDA Conceptual Framework for 3D Printing in Hospitals
	References
10. 3D Printing in Radiology Education
	Introduction
	Historical Perspective on 3D Modeling for Medical Education
	3D Printing in Anatomy Education
	3D Printed Models as a Tool in Clinical Radiology Training
		Normal and Complex Anatomical Relationships
		Abnormal Pathologies
		Realistic Phantoms for Hardware and Software Evaluation
	3D Printed Models for Radiological Procedural Planning
		Procedure Planning and Simulation for Interventional Radiology Training and Radiological Procedures
	Introducing Training in 3D Printing to Resident Education
		Learning the Process of Obtaining 3D Models and 3D Lab Workflow
		Clinical Infrastructure
		Developing a Research Infrastructure
	Sample Curriculum for a Hands-On Resident Minicourse in 3D Printing and Visualization
		Introduction to 3D Printing
		Applications of Medical 3D Printing
		Radiology Workflow for 3D Printing
		Image Segmentation
		3D Printing and Quality Control
		Documentation and Reimbursement
		Demonstration of Competency in 3D Printing
	Conclusions
	References
11. 3D Printing in Interventional Radiology
	Introduction
	3D Printing Workflow
	Clinical Use Cases of 3D Printing in IR
		Vascular and Nonvascular General Interventional Procedures
		Neurointerventional Procedures
	3D Printing for IR Training
	3D Printing for Patient Education
	The Future of 3D Printing in IR
	References
12. 3D Printing in Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Therapy
	Introduction
	Nuclear Medicine
	3D Printing Techniques to Optimize Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry
		Example 1: [11C] Fatty Acid ASU
		Example 2: [18F] Dual Heater ASU
		Example 3: [68Ga] Multidrug ASU
		Example 4: [68Ga] Millifluidic ASU
	Radiation Therapy
	3D Printing for Radiation Therapy
	3D Printed Bolus
	3D Printed Tissue Compensators
	3D Printed Immobilization Devices
	3D Printing for Brachytherapy
	Surface Treatments
	3D Printing of Anthropomorphic Phantoms
	Conclusion
	References
13. 3D Printing in Forensic Radiology
	Introduction
	Historical Overview
	Forensic Radiologic Imaging
	3D Anatomical Modeling in Forensic Radiology
	Forensic 3D Printing Use Case Scenarios
	Blunt Trauma
	Penetrating Trauma
		Gunshot Wounds
		Rifle Bolt
	Blunt Force Polytrauma
	Nonaccidental (Penetrating and Blunt) Trauma
	Homicide
	Future Directions and Challenges
	References
14. 3D Printed Imaging Phantoms
	Introduction
	Material Properties Pertinent to Major Medical Imaging Modalities
	Imaging Phantoms with Conventional Materials in 3D Printed Containers
	Imaging Phantoms with Conventional Materials Formed in 3D Printed Molds
	3D Printing for Vascular Flow Phantoms
	Mimicking Tissue with 3D Printed Materials
	Summary
	References
15. Considerations for Starting a 3D Printing Lab in the Department of Radiology
	Introduction
	Financial Plan
	Training
	Software Considerations
	3D Printing Operational Considerations
		Space Planning
		Environmental
		Auxiliary Equipment
		3D Printing Materials
		Health and Safety
		Maintenance
		Quality Assurance
	Conclusions
	References
16. The Future of Medical 3D Printing in Radiology
	Introduction
	Emerging Medical 3D Printing Technologies
	The Case for In-Hospital 3D Printing
	A Word on Sterilization and Quality Manufacturing at the Hospital
	The Next 5Years
	5–10Years Into the Future
	10–20Years Into the Future
	20–30Years Into the Future
	Radiology of the Future
	THE RADIOLOGIST OF THE FUTURE
	References