World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways Through Time

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Detailed Contents
List of Boxed Features
Preface: New for the Fifth Edition
Acknowledgments
Contemporary Relevance of Archaeology: Imagining a World Without Us
Part I The Past is a Foreign Country: Getting from here to there
	Introduction: Questions of Time and Ethics
	Chapter 1 Getting Started in Archaeology
		1.1 Reading the Landscape
			Survey Design
			Geological Factors
			Recovery Methods and GIS
		1.2 Excavation
			Horizontal Excavation
			Vertical Excavation
			Controlling Horizontal and Vertical Space
			Recovery Methods
			Recording Methods
		1.3 Cultural Resource Management
			From the Field: Teaching African Diaspora Archaeology at Estate Little Princess in St. Croix
		1.4 Artifacts and Ecofacts
		1.5 Biases in Preservation
		1.6 Microarchaeology
		1.7 Quantification and Sampling
			Counting Bones
			Counting Artifacts
			Toolbox: Ethnoarchaeology
		1.8 Creating a Chronology
			Toolbox: Radiocarbon Dating
		1.9 Comparison
		1.10 Conservation, Display, and Publication
			Archaeology in the World: Community Archaeology
		1.11 The Role of Synthesis: The Archaeology of Plague
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 2 Putting the Picture Together
		2.1 Origins of Archaeology
			Archaeology in the World: Thomas Jefferson, the Archaeologist
		2.2 The Emergence of Archaeology
			Organizing Time
			The Establishment of Human Antiquity
			Imperial Archaeology
		2.3 Developing Method and Theory
			Stratigraphic Method and Culture History
			V. Gordon Childe
		2.4 Archaeology as Science
			Developing Scientific Methods
			The New Archaeology
			Systems Theory
			Cultural Resource Management
		2.5 Alternative Perspectives
			Postprocessual Archaeology
			Toolbox: Faunal Analysis and Taphonomy
		2.6 Branching Out
			Gender and Agency
			Toolbox: Archaeoacoustics
			From the Field: Why Do I “Do” Archaeology?
			Evolutionary Archaeology
			Niche Construction and the Anthropocene
		2.7 Decolonizing Archaeology
		2.8 Archaeology at the Trowel’s Edge
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
Contemporary Relevance of Archaeology: The Future of Human Evolution
Part II Human Evolution
	Introduction: Our Place in Nature
	Chapter 3 Early Hominins
		3.1 The Fossil Record
			The Early Hominin Radiation
		3.2 Setting the Scene
			The East African Rift Valley
			Archaeology in the World: Fraud—Piltdown and Kama-takamori
			Lower Paleolithic
			From the Field: The Author on His Fieldwork at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa
		3.3 The Origin of Tool Use
			Tool Use by Animals
			Toolbox: Stone Tools
			The Archaeological Evidence
		3.4 Hunting and Sharing Food
			Toolbox: Dating Early Hominin Sites
			Were They Hunters?
			Living Floors and Base Camps
			Fire and Symbolic Behavior
		3.5 The Expansion of the Hominin World
			Ubeidiya and Dmanisi
			East Asia
			Java
			Nihewan Basin
			Summing Up the Evidence
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 4 From Homo Erectus to Neanderthals
		4.1 Defining the Ice Age
		4.2 Before the Neanderthals
			The Initial Occupation of Western Europe
			The Acheulian in Europe and Asia
			Changes Within the Lower Paleolithic
		4.3 Neanderthals
			Neanderthal Genetics and Denisovans
			Chronology and Ecology
		4.4 Aspects of Neanderthal Culture and Adaptation
			Archaeology in the World: Religion and Evolution
			Stone Tools
			Hunting
			Toolbox: Isotope Analysis
			Site Organization and the Use of Fire
			Toolbox: Geoarchaeology and Micromorphology
			Treatment of the Dead
			From the Field: A Paleoepiphany
			Artwork
			Neanderthal Society
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 5 The Origin of Modern Humans
		5.1 What Is a Modern Human?
		5.2 Early Modern Humans in Africa
			The African Middle Stone Age
			Comparing the Middle Stone Age and the Middle Paleolithic
		5.3 Early Modern Humans in the Middle East
			The Archaeological Record
			Chronology
			Toolbox: Luminescence and Uranium Series Dating
			Assessing the Middle Eastern Pattern
		5.4 The Arrival of Modern Humans in Europe and the Fate of the Neanderthals
			The Fossil Record
			Archaeology in the World: Modern Human Origins and Questions of Race
			Genetic Evidence
			Archaeological Evidence
			Summing Up the Evidence
		5.5 The Upper Paleolithic
			Chronology
			Stone and Bone Tools
			Human Burials
			Artwork
			Toolbox: Use-Wear Analysis
			From the Field: A First-Person Account of the Bruniquel Horse Engraving Discovery
			Site Structure
			Subsistence
		5.6 Explaining the Upper Paleolithic
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 6 The Peopling of Australia and the New World
		6.1 Modern Humans in East Asia
		6.2 Australia
			Dating the Earliest Human Occupation
			Megafauna Extinction
			Rock Art
			Voyaging On
		6.3 The New World
			Clovis First
			Toolbox: Experimental Archaeology
			Migration Routes
			Clovis Culture and Chronology
			Toolbox: Radiocarbon Calibration
			Pre-Clovis
			Early Arrival Model
			Archaeology in the World: Repatriation of Indigenous Burial Remains
			The Solutrean Hypothesis
			The Skeletal and Genetic Evidence
			From the Field: Mawlukhotepun—Working Together
			Clovis Adaptations and Megafauna Extinction
			Beyond Clovis
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
Contemporary Relevance of Archaeology: Restoring Connections with the Natural World
Part III Perspectives on Agriculture
	Introduction: Definitions of Agriculture
	Chapter 7 Towers, Villages, and Longhouses
		7.1 Setting the Scene
			Archaeology in the World: Political Borders and Archaeology
		7.2 Stage 1: Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran
			Technology
			Settlements
			From the Field: The Author on His Fieldwork at Wadi Mataha
			Domestication
		7.3 Stage 2: The Natufian
			Technology
			Settlements
			Domestication
		7.4 Stage 3: The Early Neolithic
			Technology
			Settlements
			Toolbox: Harris Matrix
			Ritual
			Domestication
			Toolbox: Paleoethnobotany
		7.5 Stage 4: Late Neolithic
			Technology
			Settlement and Ritual
			Domestication
		7.6 Assessing the Neolithic Revolution
		7.7 The Spread of Agriculture to Europe
			Summing Up the Evidence
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 8 Mounds and Maize
		8.1 Plant Domestication in Mesoamerica
		8.2 Maize Agriculture in the American Southwest
			Toolbox: AMS Radiocarbon Dating
			The Formative Period
			Summing Up the Evidence
		8.3 Eastern North America
			Toolbox: Hand-Built Pottery
			The Indigenous Domestication of Plants
			The Adena and Hopewell
			Intensification of Maize Agriculture
			The People Behind the Transition
			Archaeology in the World: Who Owns the Past?
			From the Field: “Towns They Have None”: In Search of New England’s Mobile Farmers
			Summing Up the Evidence
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 9 A Feast of Diversity
		9.1 Africa
			Villages of Hunter-Gatherers
			Pastoralists
			From the Field: Ethiopian Farmers Yesterday and Today
			The First Farmers
			Summing Up the Evidence
		9.2 New Guinea
			Clearing Forests and Draining Swamps
			Toolbox: Pollen, Phytoliths, and Starch Grains
		9.3 The Andes
			Domestication in the Andean Highlands
			Summing Up the Evidence
		9.4 East Asia
			Early Pottery
			The First Farmers
			Toolbox: Residue Analysis
			Summing Up the Evidence
			Archaeology in the World: Archaeology and the Environment
		9.5 Questioning the Neolithic
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
Contemporary Relevance of Archaeology: Exploring the Moral Grounds of Economic Relations
Part IV The Development of Social Complexity
	Introduction: Defining Social Complexity
	Chapter 10 Complexity Without the State
		10.1 Stonehenge
			The Development of Stonehenge
			A Constructed Landscape
			The Context of Stonehenge
			What Did Stonehenge Mean?
			From the Field: Cultural Resource Management Archaeology in the Southwest
			Summing Up the Evidence
		10.2 Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon
			The Development of Pueblo Bonito
			The Function of Pueblo Bonito
			Evidence for Elites
			Toolbox: Remote Sensing
			The Chacoan Network
			The Rise and Fall of Chaco Canyon
			Toolbox: Dendrochronology
			Summing Up the Evidence
		10.3 Cahokia
			The Layout of the Site
			Evidence of Inequality
			Feasting
			Summing Up the Evidence
		10.4 Great Zimbabwe
			The Layout of the Site
			The Organization of Great Zimbabwe Society
			Summing Up the Evidence
		10.5 Comparative Perspectives
			Archaeology in the World: The Trade in African Antiquities
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 11 Cities, Pyramids, and Palaces: Early States of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Aegean
		11.1 Mesopotamia
			The Physical Setting
			Archaeology in the World: The Catastrophe of Warfare: Iraq and Syria
			Chronology
			Uruk
			Government
			Surplus and Specialization
			Inequality
			The Development of Writing
			Warfare and Expansion
			Summing Up the Evidence
		11.2 Egypt
			The Setting
			Chronology
			Government and Writing
			The Pyramids
			The Development of Mortuary Architecture
			Toolbox: Tracking Trade Routes
			The City
			Summing Up the Evidence
			From the Field: The Author on His Fieldwork Excavating at Giza
		11.3 Africa Beyond the Nile Valley
			Toolbox: Archaeology and Genetics
		11.4 The Aegean
			Setting and Chronology
			Comparing Palaces
			Violence and Warfare
			The Eruption of Santorini and Its Impact
			Summing Up the Evidence
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 12 Locating the Source of Authority: Early States in Asia
		12.1 The Indus Valley
			The Setting and Chronology
			The City
			Toolbox: Space Syntax
			Writing
			Government
			Summing Up the Evidence
		12.2 China
			The Three Dynasties
			From the Field: Archaeology in China’s Three Gorges
			The Basis of Authority in Early China
			Conflict and Consolidation
			Summing Up the Evidence
		12.3 Beyond the Chinese Boundary: Japan, Central Asia, and Cambodia
			Mirrors and Keyhole-Shaped Tombs: The Origins of the State in Japan
			Archaeology in the World: Archaeology and Development
			Mummies of the Tarim Basin
			The Archaeology of Angkor
			Toolbox: Underwater Archaeology
			Summing Up the Evidence
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 13 From City to Empire: Social Complexity in Mesoamerica
		13.1 The Origins of Urbanism and Social Complexity
		13.2 Teotihuacán
			Summing Up the Evidence
			Toolbox: Human Osteoarchaeology
		13.3 The Maya
			The Setting and Chronology
			The City
			Government
			Inequality
			Toolbox: Geophysical Methods
			Maya Hieroglyphics
			From the Field: Gender and Sexuality in the Field
			Ritual, Violence, and Warfare
			The Maya Collapse
			Summing Up the Evidence
		13.4 The Aztec Empire
			Archaeology in the World: Archaeology and Tourism
			The History of the Aztecs
			Aztec Economy
			Ritual and Human Sacrifice
			Summing Up the Evidence
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
	Chapter 14 Bringing the Four Parts Together: States and Empire in the Andes
		14.1 Chavín de Huántar
			The Setting and the Temple
			The Chavín Horizon
			From the Field: Chavín de Huántar: The Beginnings of Social Complexity in the Andes
			Summing Up the Evidence
		14.2 Nasca and Moche
			Nasca
			Toolbox: Metallurgy
			Moche
			Summing Up the Evidence
		14.3 The Inca Empire
			Archaeology in the World: Ancient Agriculture and Modern Development
			Inca Society
			Building Empire
			Summing Up the Evidence
		14.4 The Amazon
			Toolbox: Tracking Ancient Diseases
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
Epilogue: Bringing It Back Home
Bibliography
Figure and Photo Credits
Index