Western Civilizations: Their History & Their Culture

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Maps
Primary Sources
Preface
1:  Early Civilizations
	Before Civilization
	The Building Blocks of Civilization
	Urban Development in Mesopotamia
	The Culture of Sumer
	The First Empires
	The Development of Civilization in Egypt
	Past and Present: Engineering Nature
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Narmer Palette
	Egyptian Culture and Society
	Conclusion
2:  Peoples, Gods, and Empires: 1700–500 B.C.E.
	Indo-European Languages and Peoples
	The New Kingdom of Egypt
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Remembering Hatshepsut
	Transnational Networks of the Late Bronze Age
	Aegean Civilization: Minoan Crete, Mycenaean Greece
	The States of the Early Iron Age
	Past and Present: The Fragility of Global Networks
	The Revival of the Assyrian Empire
	The Rise of the Persians
	The Development of Hebrew Monotheism
	Conclusion
3:  The Civilization of Greece, 1000–400 B.C.E.
	From Chaos to Polis
	The Culture of Archaic Greece, 800–500 B.C.E.
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Ideal of Male Beauty
	Portraits of Three Poleis
	The Challenge of the Persian Wars
	Past and Present: Political Satire
	The Golden Age of Classical Greece
	"The Greatest War in History" and Its Consequences
	The Failure of Athenian Democracy
	Conclusion
4:  The Greek World Expands, 400–150 B.C.E.
	The Downfall of the Greek Polis
	Reimagining the Polis: The Artistic and Intellectual Response
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Reconstructing an Ideal of Female Beauty
	The Rise of Macedonia
	The Conquests of Alexander (336–323 B.C.E.)
	The Hellenstic Kingdoms
	From Polis to Cosmopolis
	Past and Present: Assimilation and Difference
	Hellenistic Worldviews
	The Scientific Revolution of Antiquity
	Conclusion
5:  The Civilization of Ancient Rome
	The Time of the Kings
	The Triumph of the Early Republic
	The Essence of Roman Identity
	From Republic to Empire
	The Consequences of Imperialism
	Past and Present: Spectator Sports
	"Restoring the Republic": The Struggle for Power
	The Principate and the Pax Romana, 27 B.C.E.–180 C.E.
	Making the World Roman
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Roman Urban Planning
	Conclusion
6:  The Transformation of Rome
	The Challenge of Christianity
	The Challenge of Imperial Expansion
	The Conversion of Christianity
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Power of the Invincible Sun
	Past and Present: Resisting Imperialism
	Shifting Centers and Moving Frontiers
	The Shaping of a New Worldview
	Classical Learning and the Christian Life
	Conclusion
7:  Rome's Three Heirs, 500–950
	Justinian's Imperial Ambitions
	The Roman Empire of Byzantium
	Muhammad and the Teachings of Islam
	The Widening Islamic World
	Past and Present: The Meanings of Medievalism
	The Conversion of Northwestern Europe
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Ship Burial of Sutton Hoo
	The Empire of Charlemagne
	Disputed Legacies and New Alliances
	Conclusion
8:  The Expansion of Europe, 950–1100
	A Tour of Europe around the Year 1000
	An Agricultural Revolution
	The Growth of Towns and Trade
	Violence, Lordship, and Monarchy
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Graphic History of the Bayeux Tapestry
	Religious Reform and Papal Power
	Past and Present: Ideas of Crusade
	Crusading Causes and Outcomes
	The Culture of the Muslim West
	Conclusion
9:  The Consolidation of Europe, 1100–1250
	The Making of Medieval Monarchies
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Picturing Legal Transactions
	Continuing the Crusades
	Past and Present: Medieval Plots and Modern Movies
	Unity and Dissent in the Western Church
	An Intellectual Revolution
	Courts, Cities, and Cathedrals
	Conclusion
10: The Medieval World, 1250–1350
	The Mongol Empire and the Reorientation of the West
	The Extension of European Commerce and Settlement
	Ways of Knowing and Describing the World
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Seals: Signs of Identity and Authority
	Papal Power and Popular Piety
	Struggles for Sovereignty
	Past and Present: Global Pandemics
	From the Great Famine to the Black Death
	Conclusion
11: Rebirth and Unrest, 1350–1453
	Life after the Black Death
	The Beginnings of the Renaissance in Italy
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Realizing Devotion
	The End of the Eastern Roman Empire
	Warfare and Nation-Building in Europe
	The Trials of the Roman Church
	Past and Present: Replacing "Retired" Popes
	Conclusion
12: Innovation and Exploration, 1453–1533
	Renaissance Ideals– and Realities
	The Renaissance North of the Alps
	Past and Present: The Reputation of Richard III
	The Politics of Christian Europe
	New Targets and Technologies of Conquest
	Europeans in a New World
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: America as an Object of Desire
	Conclusion
13: The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500–1564
	Martin Luther's Challenge
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Decoding Printed Propaganda
	The Spread of Protestantism
	The Domestication of Reform
	The Reformation of England
	The Rebirth of the Catholic Church
	Past and Present: Controlling Consumption
	Conclusion
14: Europe in the Atlantic World, 1550–1660
	The Emergence of the Atlantic World
	Conflict and Competition in Europe and the Atlantic World
	The Thirty Years' War and the Rise of France
	The Crisis of Monarchy in England
	The Problem of Doubt and the Art of Being Human
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Execution of a King
	Past and Present: Shakespeare's Popular Appeal
	Conclusion
15: European Monarchies and Absolutism, 1660–1725
	The Appeal and Justification of Absolutism
	The Absolutism of Louis XIV
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Performance and Display of Absolute Power at the Court of Louis XIV
	Past and Present: The Persistence of Monarchies in a Democratic Age
	Alternatives to Absolutism
	War and the Balance of Power, 1661–1715
	The Remaking of Central and Eastern Europe
	Autocracy in Russia
	Conclusion
16: The New Science of the Seventeenth Century
	The Intellectual Origins of the Scientific Revolution
	Past and Present: Has Science Replaced Religion?
	The Copernican Revolution
	Tycho's Observations and Kepler's Laws
	New Heavens, New Earth, and Worldly Politics: Galileo
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Astronomical Observations and the Mapping of the Heavens
	Methods for a New Philosophy: Bacon and Descartes
	"And All Was Light": Isaac Newton
	Conclusion
17: Europe during the Enlightenment
	Prosperity, Commerce, and Consumption
	The World of the Philosophes
	Major Themes of Enlightenment Thought
	Empire and Enlightenment
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Europeans Encounter the Peoples of the Pacific in the Eighteenth Century
	The Radical Enlightenment
	The Enlightenment and Eighteenth-Century Culture
	Past and Present: The Internet and the Enlightenment Public Sphere
	War and Politics in Enlightenment Europe
	Conclusion
18: The French Revolution
	The French Revolution: An Overview
	The Coming of the Revolution
	The Destruction of the Old Regime
	A New Stage: Popular Revolution
	From the Terror to Bonaparte: The Directory
	Napoleon and Imperial France
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Representing the People during the French Revolution
	The Return to War and Napoleon's Defeat: 1806–1815
	Past and Present: The Atlantic Revolutions and Human rights
	Conclusion
19: The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-Century Society
	The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1760-1850
	The Industrial Revolution on the Continent
	The Social Consequences of Industrialization
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Learning to Live in a Global Economy
	Past and Present: Are there Limits to Economic Growth?
	The Middle Classes
	Conclusion
20: The Age of Ideologies: Europe in the Aftermath of Revolution, 1815–1848
	The Search for Order in Europe, 1815–1830
	Citizenship and Sovereignty, 1830–1848
	The Politics of Slavery after 1815
	Taking Sides: New Ideologies in Politics
	Past and Present: Revolts Against Reason
	Cultural Revolt: Romanticism
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Romantic Painting
	Conclusion
21: Revolutions and Nation Building, 1848–1871
	The Revolutions of 1848
	Past and Present: Germany's Place in Europe
	Building the Nation-State
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The New German Nation
	Nation and State Building in Russia and the United States
	"Eastern Questions": International Relations and the Decline of Ottoman Power
	Conclusion
22: Imperialism and Colonialism, 1870–1914
	Imperialism
	Imperialism in South Asia
	Past and Present: The Legacy of Colonialism
	Imperialism in China
	The French Empire and the Civilizing Mission
	The "Scramble for Africa" and the Congo
	Imperial Culture
	Crises of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Displays of Imperial Culture: The Paris Exposition of 1889
	Conclusion
23: Modern Industry and Mass Politics, 1870–1914
	New Technologies and Global Transformations
	Labor Politics, Mass Movements
	Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women's Movement
	Liberalism and its Discontents: National Politics at the Turn of the Century
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Anti-Semitism and the Popular Press in France
	Past and Present: The Age of Mass Politics
	The Science and Soul of the Modern Age
	Conclusion
24: The First World War
	The July Crisis
	The Marne and Its Consequences
	Stalemate, 1915
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: War Propaganda
	Slaughter in the Trenches: The Great Battles, 1916–17
	War of Empires
	The Home Front
	The Russian Revolutions of 1917
	The Road to German Defeat
	Past and Present: The Legacy of World War I
	Conclusion
25: Turmoil between the Wars
	The Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin
	The Emergence of Fascism in Italy
	Weimar Germany
	Hitler and the National Socialists
	Past and Present: The Great Depression and Today's Economy
	The Great Depression in the Democracies
	Interwar Culture: Artists and Intellectuals
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Fascist Spectacle of Mass Participation
	Conclusion
26: The Second World War
	The Causes of the War: Unsettled Quarrels, Economic Fallout, and Nationalism
	The 1930s: Challenges to the Peace, Appeasement, and the "Dishonest Decade"
	The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France
	Not Alone: The Battle of Britain and the Beginnings of a Global War
	The Rise and Ruin of Nations: Germany's War in the East and Occupation of Europe
	Racial War, Ethnic Cleansing, and the Holocaust
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Architecture of Mass Murder
	Past and Present: European Integration Then and Now
	Total War: Home Fronts, the War of Production, Bombing, and the Bomb
	The Allied Counterattack and the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb
	Conclusion
27: The Cold War World: Global Politics, Economic Recovery, and Cultural Change
	The Cold War and a Divided Continent
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: The End of the Second World War and the Onset of the Cold War
	Economic Renaissance
	Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
	Postwar Culture and Thought
	The Cuban Missile Crisis
	Past and Present: The Divisions of the Cold War
	Conclusion
28: Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990
	Social Change and Cultural Dynamism, 1945–1968
	Social Movements during the 1960s
	Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success
	Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union
	Past and Present: Shock Therapy in Post-Soviet Russia
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Representing the People in Eastern Europe, 1989
	Conclusion
29: A World without Walls: Globalization and the West
	Liquid Modernity? The Flow of Money, Ideas, and Peoples
	After Empire: Postcolonial Politics in the Global Era
	A New Center of Gravity: Israel, Oil, and Political Islam in the Middle East
	Interpreting Visual Evidence: Media Representations of Globalization
	Violence Beyond Bounds: War and Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century
	Transformations: Human Rights
	Europe and the United States in the Twenty-First Century
	The Arab Spring of 2011
	Past and Present: The Arab Spring in Historical Perspective
	Conclusion
Appendix
	Rulers of Principal States
Further Readings
Glossary
Text Credits
Photo Credits
Index