War, Terror and Carriage by Sea

Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Preface
CONTENTS
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
1 WAR AND THE LAW
	1.1 Introduction and Background
	1.2 The Laws of War
	1.3 The Key Test—War between China and Japan 1937
	1.4 The Test Applied—Communist China and Formosa 1953
	1.5 Earlier Decisions
	1.6 South African Gold 1899
	1.7 Russian Revolution 1917
	1.8 Later Cases and Commentary
	1.9 Threat of War
	1.10 Legitimacy of War
2 CIVIL WAR AND CIVIL COMMOTION
	2.1 Spanish Civil War 1936
	2.2 The Irish Rebellion 1916
	2.3 London Suffragettes 1912
	2.4 Beirut 1976
		2.4.1 Application of the Bantham Test
		2.4.2 Civil war
	2.5 War Between Foreign States
	2.6 Palestine 1936
	2.7 Ireland 1920
	2.8 Civil Commotion in the Spinney Case
3 HOSTILITIES AND WARLIKE OPERATIONS
	3.1 Background Considerations
	3.2 World War I—Casualties at Sea
	3.3 World War I—Enemy Sabotage at Sea
	3.4 World War II—Casualties at Sea
4 REVOLUTION, REBELLION AND INSURRECTION
	4.1 Spinney’s Case
	4.2 Mozambique—1982/83
	4.3 Zeppelin Raid—London 1915
5 TERRORISM
	5.1 The Institute War and Strikes Clauses
	5.2 War and Terror Contrasted
	5.3 Terrorism—National Criminal Jurisdiction
	5.4 Terrorism—International Jurisdiction
		5.4.1 Lockerbie—21 December 1988
		5.4.2 USA—11 September 2001
	5.5 Terrorism—An Attempt at an International Definition
	5.6 Hijacking and related offences
	5.7 International Criminal Court
6 HULL AND MACHINERY COVER
	6.1 Exclusions for War and Outbreak of War
	6.2 Exclusion of Certain Nuclear Risks
	6.3 Automatic Termination of Cover
	6.4 Marine Insurance Act 1906
	6.5 Insured Perils Under the Hull Policy
	6.6 Exclusions from the Protection and Indemnity Cover
		6.6.1 The structure of the cover
		6.6.2 The CLC Convention 1969
		6.6.3 OPA 1990
		6.6.4 The HNS Convention 1996
		6.6.5 Cruise ships and passengers
7 WAR RISKS AND RELATED PERILS UNDER THE HULL COVER
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Theft and Takings at Sea
	7.3 Piracy and Violent Theft by Persons from Outside the Vessel
		7.3.1 Definition and coverage
		7.3.2 The model law
		7.3.3 The cases
		7.3.4 The Alondra Rainbow
	7.4 Barratry
8 INSURED PERILS UNDER THE INSTITUTE WAR AND STRIKES CLAUSES
	8.1 The Scheme of the Cover
	8.2 The Perils Under Clause 1.1
		8.2.1 Further consideration of the World War I cases
		8.2.2 The World War II cases
		8.2.3 Other cases on causation
	8.3 The Perils Under Clause 1.2
	8.4 Perils Insured by the Mutual War Risk Associations
9 CAPTURE AND SEIZURE
	9.1 Capture
		9.1.1 The early cases
		9.1.2 Russo-Japanese War 1904/5
		9.1.3 World War I
		9.1.4 Considerations of prize
	9.2 Seizure
		9.2.1 A review of the concept
		9.2.2 South African gold 1899
		9.2.3 Russian Revolution 1917
		9.2.4 Spanish Civil War 1936
		9.2.5 Kuwait 1990
		9.2.6 Dominican Republic 1997
10 RESTRAINT
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Siege of Paris 1870
	10.3 Imports into Argentina
	10.4 World War I
	10.5 World War II
	10.6 Civil War in China 1949
	10.7 Vietnam War 1966
	10.8 The Bamburi
11 DETAINMENT
	11.1 Background Comments
	11.2 The Pre-1906 Cases
	11.3 The Post-1906 Act Cases
		11.3.1 Detention of the Polurrian 1912
		11.3.2 Loss of possession of jewellery
		11.3.3 The loss of the Girl Pat 1936
		11.3.4 Loss of freight
		11.3.5 Perishable cargo
		11.3.6 Obligation to pay hire
		11.3.7 Abandonment of the voyage
		11.3.8 Loss of possession of a motor car
		11.3.9 The Anita
		11.3.10 The Bamburi
		11.3.11 Customs or trading regulations—Iran 1987/88
		11.3.12 Kuwait 1990—The KAC aircraft
		11.3.13 The Boskalis case
		11.3.14 Customs or trading regulations—Greece 1998
		11.3.15 Trading regulations or financial cause—Australia 1997
		11.3.16 Kuwait 1990—The British Airways aircraft
12 ANY TERRORIST OR ANY PERSON ACTING MALICIOUSLY OR FROM A POLITICAL MOTIVE
13 OTHER PERILS AND EXCLUSIONS IN THE WAR RISK COVER
	13.1 Derelict ordnance
	13.2 Riots
	13.3 Confiscation or Expropriation
		13.3.1 Russian Revolution 1917
		13.3.2 The Anita
		13.3.3 Discretion and jurisdiction
		13.3.4 Proximate cause
	13.4 Protection and Indemnity Insurance for Liability as to Payment of Fines
	13.5 The Exclusions Under Clause 5
	13.6 Requisition
	13.7 Ordinary Judicial Process
14 DUTY OF GOOD FAITH
	14.1 Statutory Obligations Under the 1906 Act
	14.2 Duties of Good Faith and Disclosure in a War Risk Context
		14.2.1 The Litsion Pride
		14.2.2 The Good Luck
	14.3 Subsequent Cases and the Doctrine of Good Faith
		14.3.1 The Star Sea
		14.3.2 The Boskalis case
		14.3.3 The Grecia Express
		14.3.4 The Mercandian Continent
		14.3.5 The Aegeon
		14.3.6 Material non-disclosure—further consideration
	14.4 Contractual Obligations Under the International Hull Clauses
15 WAR AND FRUSTRATION
	15.1 General Principles
	15.2 The Impact of War
	15.3 War between Turkey and Greece 1912
	15.4 World War I
	15.5 Spanish Civil War 1936
	15.6 War Between China and Japan 1937
	15.7 World War II
	15.8 Suez Canal Closures 1956
	15.9 Iran-Iraq War 1980
	15.10 Kuwait 1990
	15.11 Prohibition
	15.12 Earlier Cases on Force Majeure
	15.13 Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943
16 WAR AND PORT SAFETY
	16.1 Definition
	16.2 The Evia (No. 2)
	16.3 Safe Port Warranty
		16.3.1 Express or implied warranties
		16.3.2 Qualified warranties
	16.4 Employment and Indemnity
17 WAR RISKS CLAUSES
	17.1 Background
	17.2 Time Charterparties
		17.2.1 New York Produce Exchange Form (NYPE 93)
			17.2.1.1 Reasonableness
			17.2.1.2 Contraband of war
			17.2.1.3 Belligerency
		17.2.2 The Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) Uniform Time Charter (Baltime 1939)—previous wording
			17.2.2.1 International law and sanctions
		17.2.3 BIMCO Uniform Time Charter as revised 2001 (Baltime 1939)—Conwartime 93
			17.2.3.1 Blockade
			17.2.3.2 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 1856
		17.2.4 Shelltime 4 Time Charterparty (1984) Chamber of Shipping War Risks Clause 1952
		17.2.5 STB Tanker Time Charterparty
		17.2.6 BPTIME 3 Time Charterparty
	17.3 Voyage Charterparties
		17.3.1 Introduction
		17.3.2 BIMCO Uniform General Charter (as revised 1922 and 1976) (Gencon 1976)—Voywar 1950
			17.3.2.1 Sabotage
		17.3.3 BIMCO Uniform General Charter (as revised 1922, 1976, and 1994) (Gencon 1994)—Voywar 1993
		17.3.4 North American Grain Charterparty 1973 (Norgrain 89)
		17.3.5 ExxonMobil Tanker Voyage Charterparty (ExxonMobil Voy 2000)
		17.3.6 Shellvoy 5 Voyage Charterparty (1987)
		17.3.7 BeePeevoy 4 Tanker Charterparty (Form 17–2B)
		17.3.8 Chevron Voyage Charterparty (Form 26–14)
	17.4 Additional War Expenses
		17.4.1 Time charterparties
			17.4.1.1 New York Produce Exchange Form (NYPE 93)
			17.4.1.2 The Baltic & International Maritime Council (BIMCO) Uniform Time Charter (Baltime 1939)—previous wording
			17.4.1.3 BIMCO Uniform Time Charter as revised 2001 (Baltime 1939)—Conwartime 93
			17.4.1.4 Shelltime 4 Time Charterparty
			17.4.1.5 STB Tanker Time Charterparty
			17.4.1.6 BP TIME 3 Time Charterparty
		17.4.2 Voyage charterparties
			17.4.2.1 Introductory comments
			17.4.2.2 Gencon 1976—Voywar 1950
			17.4.2.3 Gencon 1994—Voywar 1993
			17.4.2.4 Norgrain 89
			17.4.2.5 ExxonMobil Voy 2000
			17.4.2.6 Shellvoy 5
			17.4.2.7 BeePeevoy 4
			17.4.2.8 Chevron Voyage Charterparty (Form 26–14)
	17.5 Hire and freight
		17.5.1 Payment of hire
		17.5.2 Payment of freight
		17.5.3 Equitable set-off
		17.5.4 Cancellation
	17.6 Guidance from the cases
		17.6.1 The owners’ liberty
		17.6.2 World War II
		17.6.3 Communist China and Formosa 1953
		17.6.4 London dock strike 1954
		17.6.5 Suez Canal closure 1956
		17.6.6 Iran–Iraq War 1980
	17.7 The Kanchenjunga
18 WAR CANCELLATION
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Cancellation Clauses in Time Charterparties
		18.2.1 New York Produce Exchange Form (NYPE 93 )
		18.2.2 The Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) Uniform Time Charter (Baltime 1939)—previous wording
		18.2.3 BIMCO Uniform Time Charter as revised 2001 (Baltime 1939)—Conwartime 93
		18.2.4 Shelltime 4 Time Charterparty
		18.2.5 STB Tanker Time Charterparty
		18.2.6 BPTIME 3 Time Charterparty
	18.3 Cancellation clauses in Voyage Charterparties
		18.3.1 Gencon 1976—Voywar 1950
		18.3.2 Gencon 1994—Voywar 1993
		18.3.3 Norgrain 89
		18.3.4 ExxonMobil Voy 2000
		18.3.5 Shellvoy 5
		18.3.6 BeePeevoy 4
		18.3.7 Chevron Voyage Charterparty (Form 26–14)
	18.4 Guidance from the Cases
19 REQUISITION
	19.1 Statutory Background
	19.2 Requisition Clauses
		19.2.1 Time charterparties
			19.2.1.1 New York Produce Exchange Form (NYPE 93)
			19.2.1.2 BIMCO Uniform Time Charter as revised 2001 (Baltime 1939)
			19.2.1.3 Shelltime 4 Time Charterparty
			19.2.1.4 STB Tanker Time Charterparty
			19.2.1.5 BPTIME 3 Time Charterparty
	19.3 Voyage Charterparties
	19.4 The Requisition Cases
		19.4.1 Introduction
		19.4.2 World War I
		19.4.3 Compensation under wartime regulations
		19.4.4 Liners in wartime service
		19.4.5 The railway strike 1919
		19.4.6 The coal strike 1921
		19.4.7 Russian Revolution 1917
		19.4.8 Spanish Civil War 1936
		19.4.9 World War II
	19.5 State Immunity Act 1978
	19.6 Requisition and the British Flag
20 WAR RELATED EXCEPTIONS
	20.1 Relationship with War Risks Clauses
	20.2 Time charterparties
		20.2.1 New York Produce Exchange Form (NYPE 93)
			20.2.1.1 Act of God
			20.2.1.2 Enemies or acts of public enemies
			20.2.1.3 Enemies—statutory definition
			20.2.1.4 Enemies—the cases
			20.2.1.5 Restraint of princes, rulers and people
			20.2.1.6 All dangers and accidents of the seas
		20.2.2 BIMCO Uniform Time Charter as revised 2001 (Baltime 1939)
			20.2.2.1 Relationship with the Conwartime 1993 Clause
			20.2.2.2 Acts of piracy
		20.2.3 Shelltime 4 Time Charterparty
			20.2.3.1 Interpretation
			20.2.3.2 Seizure under legal process
		20.2.4 STB Tanker Time Charterparty
			20.2.4.1 Assailing thieves
			20.2.4.2 Provision of a bond to release the vessel
			20.2.4.3 Barratry
		20.2.5 BP Time 3 Time Charterparty
	20.3 Voyage Charterparties
		20.3.1 Gencon 1994
		20.3.2 Norgrain 89
			20.3.2.1 Blockade
			20.3.2.2 Insurrections
		20.3.3 ExxonMobil Voy 2000
		20.3.4 Shellvoy 5
		20.3.5 BeePeevoy 4
		20.3.6 Chevron Voyage Charterparty (Form 26–14)
		20.3.7 Restraint and Demurrage
21 ADDITIONAL WAR RISK PREMIUM
	21.1 Charterparty Terms
	21.2 The Cases
22 TERRORISM—THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE—PART 1
	22.1 The Contractual Position
	22.2 The International Safety Management (ISM) Code
		22.2.1 The regime
		22.2.2 The cases
	22.3 Port State Control
	22.4 Background to The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code
	22.5 International Maritime Organisation Assembly—December 2002
	22.6 SOLAS 1974 Chapter XI-1 Special Measures to Enhance Maritime Safety
		22.6.1 Automatic Information System (AIS)
		22.6.2 Ship identification number
		22.6.3 Continuous Synopsis Record (CSR)
			22.6.3.1 Possible legal implications of the CSR
	22.7 SOLAS 1974 Chapter XI-2—Special Measures to Enhance Maritime Security
		22.7.1 The background regulations
		22.7.2 The ISPS Code––Part A
		22.7.3 The ISPS Code—Guidance Notes—Part B
23 TERRORISM—THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE—PART 2
	23.1 Further Work by IMO Relating to the Enhancement of Maritime Security
	23.2 European Union (EU)—Regulation (EC) No. 725/2004
	23.3 Possible Legal Implications of the ISPS Code
		23.3.1 Structure and function—ISM and ISPS compared
		23.3.2 Analysis of specific issues
			23.3.2.1 Introductory comments
			23.3.2.2 Offhire
			23.3.2.3 Commencement of laytime
			23.3.2.4 Port safety
			23.3.2.5 Employment, navigation and safety
			23.3.2.6 Due diligence, documents and cancellation
			23.3.2.7 Concluding comments
			23.3.2.8 Limitation of liability
	23.4 CSI, FDA and C-TPAT
		23.4.1 Background
		23.4.2 CSI
		23.4.3 FDA
		23.4.4 C-TPAT
	23.5 Containers
		23.5.1 Shipper-packed containers
		23.5.2 Container insurance
		23.5.3 Insurance—other trades
APPENDIX 1 The SG Policy Form set out in the Schedule to the Marine Insurance Act 1906
APPENDIX 2. Institute War and Strikes Clauses Hulls-Time—1.11.95
APPENDIX 3. International Hull Clauses—1.11.02
APPENDIX 4. International Hull Clauses—1.11.03
APPENDIX 5. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation—Rome 10.03.1988
APPENDIX 6. Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms located on the Continental Shelf—Rome 10.03.1988
APPENDIX 7. Institute War and Strikes Clauses Hulls—Voyage—1.11.95
APPENDIX 8. Institute Voyage Clauses Hulls—1.11.95
APPENDIX 9. The Rules for Construction set out in the Schedule to the Marine Insurance Act 1906
APPENDIX 10. Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943
APPENDIX 11. International Navigating Limits
INDEX