Waking the Asian Pacific Co-operative Potential: How Co-operative Firms Started, Overcame Challenges, and Addressed Poverty Across the Asia Pacific

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	Waking the Asian Pacific Co-operative Potential
Waking the Asian Pacific Co-operative Potential
Copyright
HTU
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Introduction
	1.1 Cooperatives in the transforming Asian Pacific region
	1.2 Waking the Asian Pacific cooperative potential
	1.3 Structure of this book
	1.4 Creating the Asian Pacific scholarship on cooperative studies
	Further reading
2 Why Asian Pacific cooperative models matter?
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Asia Pacific region’s vast diversity
	2.3 Emergence of Asian Pacific cooperative models
	2.4 Inter-cooperation as another Asia Pacific cooperative model
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
3 Are there core cooperative principles required for cooperative economic success and sustainability?
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Cooperative principles and values in context
	3.3 Cooperative principles and values: international cooperative alliance
	3.4 What is a cooperative?
	3.5 Values
	3.6 Democracy
	3.7 Surpluses
	3.8 Autonomy and independence
	3.9 Education
	3.10 Noncore differentiating attributes and the cooperative advantage
	3.11 The cooperative advantage
		3.11.1 Supply side
		3.11.2 Demand side
	3.12 The long and the short run
	3.13 Incompatible attributes revisited
	3.14 Indian cooperatives
	3.15 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
4 Emerging Asian Pacific cooperative models from a global history perspective
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Origin of Asia Pacific cooperatives in the late 19th and early 20th century
	4.3 Evolution of Asia Pacific cooperative models after the Second World War
		4.3.1 Inheriting colonial patterns of cooperatives after independence
		4.3.2 Changing environment affecting Asia Pacific cooperatives
			4.3.2.1 Economic change: From backward agrarian economy to growth center
			4.3.2.2 Political change: from authoritarian rule to more democratic governance
			4.3.2.3 Societal change: from traditional society to emerging civil society
		4.3.3 Asia Pacific cooperatives responding to the impact of globalization
	4.4 Changing mode of exchange: from unilateral assistance to mutual learning
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
5 Asian cooperatives and public policy
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Colonial legacy and cooperative legislation in Asia
	5.3 Failed government top-down approaches in cooperative development: three case studies
	5.4 Public policy initiatives of the International Co-operative Alliance
	5.5 Sustaining the momentum of public policy debates on cooperatives
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
6 Cooperatives and the sustainable development goals
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Sustainable development
	6.3 Background to the Sustainable Development Goals
	6.4 Cooperatives and sustainable development
	6.5 International Cooperative Alliance and the Sustainable Development Goals
		6.5.1 International Day of Cooperatives
		6.5.2 Coops for 2030
		6.5.3 World Cooperative Monitor
		6.5.4 Cooperatives and the Sustainable Development Goals
	6.6 Asia Pacific cooperatives implementing the Sustainable Development Goals
	6.7 Issues and challenges for cooperatives
		6.7.1 Awareness
		6.7.2 Targets and indicators
		6.7.3 Data or lack
		6.7.4 Engage with stakeholders
	6.8 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
7 Asian cooperatives and gender equality
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Rationale for gender equality in the cooperatives
	7.3 Challenges to the advancement of gender equality in cooperatives in Asia
		7.3.1 Sociocultural and legal factors
		7.3.2 Economic factors
		7.3.3 Organizational factors
	7.4 Contribution of Asian cooperatives to gender equality
		7.4.1 International Cooperative Alliance (ICA Asia Pacific)
		7.4.2 Cooperative federations
		7.4.3 Initiatives of cooperatives and members
			7.4.3.1 Inclusive participation in membership and governance
			7.4.3.2 Entrepreneurship development
			7.4.3.3 Women empowerment
			7.4.3.4 Access to resources and opportunities
			7.4.3.5 Cultural advancement
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 Cooperatives and youth in Asia
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Profile of youth population in Asia Pacific region
	8.3 Challenges faced by youth
	8.4 Why cooperatives are ideal platforms for youth
	8.5 Why cooperatives need youth participation
	8.6 Campus cooperatives: the Asian model of youth integration
		8.6.1 School cooperatives in Malaysia
		8.6.2 University cooperatives in Japan
		8.6.3 Youth/student cooperatives in Indonesia
	8.7 Role of ICA Asia Pacific
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
9 The theoretical model of Asian capitalism and the varieties of cooperation
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Toward a theoretical model for Asia Pacific
		9.2.1 Building the model
			9.2.1.1 Culture
			9.2.1.2 Macro factors
				The role of state
					Multiplexity
				Role of civil institutions
				Role of the market
			9.2.1.3 Micro factors
				Organizational/legal structure
				Governance
				Human relations management
	9.3 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Agricultural co-ops
10 How small farmers enter the big market? A case study of agricultural cooperatives in China
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Case study
		10.2.1 Brief profile of Yulin watermelon cooperative1
		10.2.2 The operating mechanism of Yulin watermelon cooperative
			10.2.2.1 Members’ rights and obligations
			10.2.2.2 Accession conditions
			10.2.2.3 Shares arrangement
			10.2.2.4 System of organization
			10.2.2.5 Decision-making
			10.2.2.6 Profit distribution
		10.2.3 Related cost and benefit analysis
			10.2.3.1 Some explanations and assumptions
			10.2.3.2 Description of costs and revenues of cooperative members and nonmember farmers
	10.3 Further thinking
		10.3.1 The reasons for the successful operation of the cooperative
			10.3.1.1 Appropriate use and innovation of the principles of cooperatives
			10.3.1.2 Continuous improvement of production technology and good brand image
		10.3.2 The effectiveness and resistance of the expansion of the cooperative
			10.3.2.1 The effectiveness of the expansion of the cooperative’s scale
			10.3.2.2 Resistance encountered in scale expansion of the cooperative
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 Successful agricultural cooperative model in Vietnam. A case study: Van Duc Co-operative
	11.1 Overview
	11.2 Macro factors affecting cooperatives in Vietnam
		11.2.1 Political and legal framework
		11.2.2 Socioeconomic and cultural context
		11.2.3 Global climate change
	11.3 Micro factors affecting cooperatives in Vietnam
		11.3.1 Business model
		11.3.2 Cooperative principles
	11.4 Characteristics of the Van Duc Co-operative
		11.4.1 History of the Van Duc Co-operative
		11.4.2 Organizational structure of Van Duc Co-operative
	11.5 Challenges faced by Van Duc Co-operative
		11.5.1 Challenges from the internal environment
	11.6 Factors contributing to success
		11.6.1 Experience and awareness of farmers in agricultural production and vegetable growing
		11.6.2 Governance process
			11.6.2.1 Active and effective management board
			11.6.2.2 Van Duc Co-operative’s operation and performance
				Production strategy
				Input quality control
				Providing updated technical training courses
				Production process management
			11.6.2.3 Nature of co-op member participation
		11.6.3 External support
			11.6.3.1 Natural condition
			11.6.3.2 Infrastructure
			11.6.3.3 Supportive policy environment
	11.7 Impacts
	11.8 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
12 Cooperatives: a panacea for rural population
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Section I
		12.2.1 Cooperative legislation
		12.2.2 Primary agricultural cooperative credit societies
		12.2.3 Dairy cooperatives
		12.2.4 Sugar cooperatives
	12.3 Section II
		12.3.1 Rajarambapu Patil Co-operative Sugar Factory
		12.3.2 Management of RSSK
		12.3.3 Rajarambapu Patil: A visionary leader
		12.3.4 Contribution of Cooperative Water Supply Schemes in the Area of RSSK Ltd
		12.3.5.Quality policy
		12.3.6. Environment policy
	12.4 Section III
		12.4.1 Salient features Rajarambapu Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd
		12.4.2 Social activities of the sugar factory
		12.4.3 Salient features of Rajarambapu Co-operative Bank
		12.4.4 Socioeconomic activities of Rajarambapu Co-operative Bank
		12.4.5 Salient features of Rajarambapu Patil Sahakari Dudh Sangh Ltd
		12.4.6 Salient features of Shetakari Vinakari Sahakari Soot Girni Ltd
	References
	Further reading
13 “Korea's multipurpose agricultural cooperatives and the developmental state: the case of the National Agricultural Coope...
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 The early stage of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation from 1961 to 1980
		13.2.1 Birth of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation in 1961
		13.2.2 Growth
	13.3 Challenges to National Agricultural Co-operative Federation
		13.3.1 The state: support and control
			13.3.1.1 Characteristics of the state from 1960 to 1980
			13.3.1.2 Control and support of the state
		13.3.2 Farmers’ movements for the development of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation
		13.3.3 Market liberalization
	13.4 Responses for the betterment of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation
		13.4.1 Democratization and expansion of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation since 1987
		13.4.2 Two holding companies of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation in 2012
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
14 co-ops, including cross-country comparisonNepal Multipurpose Cooperative Society Limited
	14.1 Brief history of cooperatives in Nepal
	14.2 Nepal Multipurpose Cooperative Society Limited
	14.3 Nepal Multipurpose Cooperative Society Limited: a successful cooperative
	14.4 Macro factors contributing to the emergence of cooperatives
	14.5 Market functioning and capitalism
	14.6 Social movements and cooperatives
	14.7 Internal factors leading to success
	14.8 Business model and development strategy
	14.9 Human resource management
	14.10 Cooperative members and financial structure
	14.11 Challenges and overcoming measures
	14.12 Factors contributing to cooperative failure
	14.13 Factors contributing to cooperative success
	14.14 Impacts on members and local community
	14.15 Conclusion
	Further reading
15 Japan: cooperatively facilitating membership engagement—employee-led initiatives at JA Hadano
	15.1 Introduction
	15.1 Emergence
	15.2 Governance
	15.3 Case study: JA Hadano
	15.4 Governance at JA Hadano
	15.5 Employee-driven membership engagement initiatives
	15.6 Jibasanzu
	15.7 Membership education
	15.8 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
16 Almondco: an Australian cooperative success story
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Historical overview
	16.3 A cooperative success: Almondco
		16.3.1 Phase 1: favorable conditions and government support
		16.3.2 Phase 2: relocation
		16.3.3 Phase 3: resisting demutualization and scaling up
		16.3.4 Phase 4: commercial reality versus cooperative vision
		16.3.5 Phase 5: rapid development
	16.4 A mature democratic business emerges
	16.5 Overcoming obstacles to success
	16.6 Macro factors
		16.6.1 The role of the state
		16.6.2 The role of economic, social, and cultural contexts
	16.7 Micro factors
		16.7.1 Changes in the business model
		16.7.2 Organizational, governance, and cultural factors contributing to success
	16.8 Degeneration or staying true to cooperative principles?
	16.9 Cooperative principles
		16.9.1 Education and training
		16.9.2 Cooperating with other cooperatives
		16.9.3 Concern for members and community
	16.10 Future challenges
	16.11 Lessons to be learned
	16.12 Conclusion
17 Agricultural cooperatives in Asia: state, market, governance, and sustainability
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Case studies
	17.3 Legal regime
	17.4 Role of state
	17.5 Social capital
	17.6 Addressing the challenges
	17.7 Conclusion
	References
18 The success of the Saigon Co-op in the retail sector of Vietnam
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 The socialist republic of Vietnam and its cooperatives
	18.3 The foundation of Saigon Co-op
	18.4 Organizational structure, management, and business outcomes of Saigon Co-op
	18.5 Factors affecting the emergence of cooperatives in Vietnam
		18.5.1 The state
		18.5.2 Civil society
		18.5.3 The market
	18.6 Factors contributing to the success of Saigon Co-op
		18.6.1 Operational strategy
		18.6.2 Finance, skills, and technology
		18.6.3 Systems
		18.6.4 Human resources
		18.6.5 Marketing
		18.6.6 Procurement
		18.6.7 Finance
	18.7 Identifying and overcoming current challenges faced by Saigon Co-op
		18.7.1 Salary policies
		18.7.2 Technology, warehouses, and logistics
		18.7.3 Competitive pressures from rivals in the market
		18.7.4 Food safety
	18.8 The impact of Saigon Co-op on vietnam
	18.9 Conclusion
	References
19 NTUC FairPrice supermarket and cooperatives in Singapore
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 History, socioeconomic background, and institutional framework of consumer co-ops
		19.1.2 Principles and nature of co-ops in Singapore
		19.1.3 Types of co-ops in Singapore
	19.2 Key cooperatives in Singapore
		19.2.1 Singapore National Co-operative Federation
		19.2.2 Singapore Police Co-operative Society Ltd
	19.3 Case study: NTUC FairPrice Co-Operative Ltd
		19.3.1 Discussion of success factors and the overcoming of barriers
			19.3.1.1 Building on strengths
			19.3.1.2 Seizing market opportunities
			19.3.1.3 Overcoming weaknesses in the market
			19.3.1.4 Identifying emerging threats
		19.3.2 Critical success factors of NTUC FairPrice
	19.4 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
20 Korea’s consumer cooperatives and civil society: the cases of iCOOP and Hansalim*
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 A brief history and the current status
		20.2.1 Evolution of Korea’s consumer cooperatives
			20.2.1.1 The foundation stage: 1986–1998
			20.2.1.2 The growth stage: 1998–the present
	20.3 Categories and structures of Korea’s consumer cooperatives
	20.4 The characteristics and the roles of Korea’s consumer cooperatives
		20.4.1 Civil society
		20.4.2 Market
		20.4.3 The state
		20.4.4 Organizational structure
	20.5 Conclusion
	References
	Webpages
		Further reading
21 Consumer cooperatives’ model in Japan
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Overview of Japanese consumer cooperatives
	21.3 Japanese consumer cooperative model: Its characteristics
	21.4 Macro factors affecting consumer cooperatives’ development
		21.4.1 Protectionist industrial policy
		21.4.2 Legal impediments to consumer cooperatives
	21.5 Micro factors for success
		21.5.1 Role of women cooperators and university cooperatives
		21.5.2 Role of consumer cooperatives’ leadership
	21.6 Impact of Japanese model on members and wider society
	21.7 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
22 Consumer cooperatives summary
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Consumer cooperatives in the Asian context
	22.3 Legal framework and state policy
	22.4 Relationship with social movements
	22.5 Micro factors contributing to success
	22.6 Challenges facing consumer cooperatives
	22.7 Conclusion
	Further reading
23 Teachers Mutual Bank case study
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Credit unions and their origin in Australia
	23.3 Hornsby Teachers Credit Union
	23.4 NSW Teachers Credit Union
	23.5 Teachers Mutual Bank
	23.6 Conclusion
	References
24 From resilience to unlimited opportunities: the First Community Credit Cooperative's (FICCO) experience
	24.1 Growth of credit cooperatives in the philippines
		24.1.1 Early years
		24.1.2 Positive developments in credit cooperatives
	24.2 The start of FICCO
		24.2.1 Macro factors
		24.2.2 Micro factors (growth strategies)
	24.3 The FICCO culture
		24.3.1 Total member care
		24.3.2 Good governance
		24.3.3 Defining values
		24.3.4 Challenges faced by cooperatives
	24.4 Further challenges among cooperatives in the philippines
	24.5 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
25 Existential challenges of cooperatives and credit unions in Indonesia
	25.1 Cooperatives in Indonesia: a historical view
	25.2 Cooperatives in the postindependence years
	25.3 The emergence and growth of credit unions in Indonesia
	25.4 Keling Kumang case study
		25.4.1 KKCU: a successful cooperative model
		25.4.2 Overcoming existential challenges of KKCU
		25.4.3 Education: a key element
	Further reading
26 The SANASA movement—Sri Lanka
	26.1 Historical background of SANASA
	26.2 Early challenges of SANASA
	26.3 SANASA’s growth and development amid continuing challenges
	26.4 Growth and development of SANASA’s four pillars
		26.4.1 The first pillar: banking and finance
		26.4.2 The second pillar: insurance and risk management
		26.4.3 The third pillar: marketing, consumer affairs, and construction
		26.4.4 The fourth pillar: education and capacity building
	26.5 Future sustainability of SANASA
	Further readings
27 Summary: credit union case studies
28 The sociopolitical environment of worker cooperatives in the Philippines: basis for addressing the worker contractualiza...
	28.1 History of worker cooperatives in the Philippines: a case of alpha co-operative4
		28.1.1 Historical context
		28.1.2 The main challenge: lack of understanding of the worker cooperative model
	28.2 Overcoming challenges during the initial phase
	28.3 Macro challenges in the growth phase: the state’s underdeveloped role and weak legal structure
	28.4 Micro challenges in the growth phase: the overriding capitalist mentality among worker cooperatives
	28.5 Theoretical interpretation
	28.6 Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
	Appendix A
29 Collectivism as a strategy for success in Indian worker cooperatives: case study of Koppa Transport Cooperative Society
	29.1 Workers cooperatives in India
	29.2 Transport cooperative society, Koppa
	29.3 Challenges and strategies
		29.3.1 Raising capital
		29.3.2 Leadership
		29.3.3 State patronage
		29.3.4 Lack of innovation and diversification
		29.3.5 The monopoly of initial members
		29.3.6 Present position
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
30 Successful cooperatives across Asia: ULCCS—the icon of successful cooperatives in India
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Genesis of Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society
	30.3 Background to the formation of Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society
		30.3.1 Challenges
		30.3.2 Overcoming the challenges
	30.4 Macro factors as a key to emergence and success
	30.5 Micro factors as a key to emergence and success
		30.5.1 Legal structure
		30.5.2 Governance structure
		30.5.3 Cultural systems
	30.6 Conclusion
	Appendix
	Reference
	Further reading
31 Worker cooperatives as a model for family business succession? The case of C-Mac Industries Co-operative Ltd in Australia
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 C-Mac Industries Co-operative Limited
	31.3 Overcoming legal obstacles and agreeing on the value of the business
	31.4 Methodology: participatory action research at C-Mac
	31.5 Key obstacles to the emergence of the C-Mac cooperative
	31.6 Overcoming the financial obstacles
	31.7 Overcoming risk aversion
	31.8 Overcoming access to financial skills and cooperative expertise
	31.9 Success of C-Mac cooperative
	31.10 Factors contributing to the success of buyouts
	31.11 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
32 Korea’s worker cooperative and organizational transformation: the case of Happy Bridge Co-operative*
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Development of Korea’s worker cooperatives
	32.3 Becoming a worker cooperative
		32.3.1 The state
		32.3.2 Market
		32.3.3 Social movements and worker cooperative movement
		32.3.4 Organization
		32.3.5 Governance
		32.3.6 Human resource management
	32.4 Conclusion
	References
33 Workers’ cooperatives as a solution to social exclusion in Japan
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Contexts of social exclusion
		33.2.1 Poverty and social exclusion
		33.2.2 Deteriorating employment security
	33.3 Two streams of workers cooperatives
		33.3.1 Japan Workers’ Co-operative Union
		33.3.2 Workers’ Collective Network Japan
	33.4 Considerations on the development of workers cooperatives
		33.4.1 Factors facilitating and impeding success
		33.4.2 Characteristics of workers cooperatives
			33.4.2.1 Organizational structures
			33.4.2.2 Governance
			33.4.2.3 Composition of members
			33.4.2.4 Human relations mobilization
	33.5 Impacts and challenges
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
34 Summary
	34.1 Socialist system—solidarity in job creation
	34.2 Post socialist system—a collective response
	34.3 Emerging Southeast Asian system—individual triumph
	34.4 Advanced Northeast system—civil society activists for democratizing workplaces
	34.5 Liberal corporatist system—the catalyst of civil society movements
	34.6 Liberal market economy system—worker buyout of a family business
	34.7 Proof of concept
	34.8 Scaling up
	References
35 Deconstructing cooperative success in the Asia Pacific region
	35.1 The state and civil society
	35.2 Findings through case studies
	35.3 Macro factors
	35.4 Micro factors
	35.5 The Asia Pacific model
	Reference
Epilogue
	Bali Conference 2014
	Bangkok Conference 2015
	Pune Conference 2015
	Seoul Conference 2017
	Historical praxis
		First wave: visionaries to pragmatists 1844–1900
		Second wave: interventionists 1900–44
		Third wave: developmentalists 1944–90
		Fourth wave: rationalists 1990–2007
		Fifth wave: revisionists 2007 to present day
	Conclusion
	References
Index