Virtual and Augmented Reality, Simulation and Serious Games for Education (Gaming Media and Social Effects)

Contents
1 Introduction
	Abstract
	1 Background
	2 About the Book
	3 Overview of the Chapters
	References
2 The Number Navigation Game: An Overview of an Iterative Development Process
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Aims
	3 Methods
	4 Results
		4.1 Relationship of Game Design and Mathematical Learning Content
		4.2 Operationalization and Measurement of Learning Outcomes
		4.3 Efficiency and Application of the NNG Training
	5 Conclusions
	References
3 The Effects of a Role-Playing Game and a Software Simulation Tool on Elementary School Students’ Understanding When Modelling Feeding Relations in Ecosystems
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Procedure
		2.3 Data Sources and Data Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
4 Augmented Reality Application for Chemical Engineering Unit Operations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Augmented Reality Application for Education Purposes
		1.2 Augmented Reality Application in Chemical Engineering
	2 Design and Development of Augmented Reality Application
		2.1 Software Platform and the Triggering Object
		2.2 Creating the Model for the Distillation Column
		2.3 Creation of the Learning Scenes
			2.3.1 Introductory Scenes
			2.3.2 Simulation Scene
			2.3.3 Assessment Scene
		2.4 Building the AR Application
	3 Implementation of AR Application and Students Feedback
	4 Conclusion and Future Works
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 The Use of Immersive Virtual Reality Technology to Deepen Learning in Singapore Schools
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Immersive Virtual Reality Technology
	3 Situated Learning—A Social-Constructivist Theory of Learning
	4 Instructional Design of Immersive Virtual Reality Technology
	5 Riverside Secondary VR Project
	6 Results of Preliminary Research
	7 Discussion and Future Research
	References
6 Learning Life Skills Through Gaming for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Autism Spectrum Disorder
		1.2 Serious Game and Simulation for Special Needs Education
		1.3 Objectives of this Research
		1.4 Organization of the Chapter
	2 Design of Virtual Home Game
		2.1 Virtual Home Serious Game
			2.1.1 Personal Hygiene Keeping—Brushing of Teeth
			2.1.2 Simple Cooking—Making of Hot Milo Drink
		2.2 Interactive Design
			2.2.1 Visual Assistance Module
			2.2.2 Audio Assistance Module
	3 Experiment Study
		3.1 The Experiment Design
			3.1.1 Control and Experiment
			3.1.2 Experiment Sequences
		3.2 The Evaluation
	4 Experiment Execution, Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 An Investigation of South African Pre-service Teachers’ Use of Simulations in Virtual Physical Sciences Learning: Process, Attitudes and Reflections
	Abstract
	1 Introduction and Background
		1.1 Aims and Objectives
		1.2 Learning with Simulations
		1.3 Attitude
		1.4 Instructional Scaffolding in Virtual Learning Simulations
	2 Theoretical Framework
	3 Identified Physical Sciences Concepts
	4 Method
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Physics Attitude Scale (PAS). Scores Pre- and Post-intervention
		5.2 Findings from Semi-structured Interviews
			5.2.1 Self-Directed and Autonomous Learning
			5.2.2 Systematic Guided Inquiry
			5.2.3 Cognitive Scaffolding
			5.2.4 Remediation
			5.2.5 Moderation of Learning Pace
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
8 Examining Pre-service Teachers’ Capability to Design Inquiry Learning Activity Sequences with Embedded Simulations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Procedure
		2.3 Data Sources and Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Differences in Mean Aggregate Scores for Categories of Criteria Between Course and Exam ILSs
		3.2 Correlations Between Aggregate Scores for Categories of Criteria for Course and Exam ILSs
		3.3 Significant Determinants of the Difference in Total Aggregate Score Between Course and Exam ILSs
	4 Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Guiding Student Thinking Through Teacher Questioning When Learning with Dynamic Representations
	Abstract
	1 Background and Literature Review
	2 Methods
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Episode 1: Adapting Questioning to Students’ Thinking by Problematizing
		3.2 Episode 2: Not Adapting Questioning to Student Thinking by Structuring
		3.3 Episode 3: Adapting Questioning to Student Thinking by Both Problematizing and Structuring
	4 Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	References
10 Bringing Simulations to the Classroom: Teachers’ Perspectives
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Present Study
	3 Analysis and Results
		3.1 Before the Implementation
		3.2 During the Implementation
		3.3 Connection with the Inquiry Model
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 Developing and Integrating an Augmented Reality App for Teaching and Learning About Enzymes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Using a Lesson Study Approach to Design, Develop and Test Instructional Learning Tools
	2 The Design Phase
		2.1 The Lesson Study Team and the Design Team
		2.2 Choice for Target Group
		2.3 Choice of a Model Enzymatic Reaction
		2.4 Building an Augmented Reality Application and a Lesson Plan Within a LS Cycle
		2.5 The Lessons
	3 Evaluation and Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 AR Simulation of Cardiac Circulation
	Abstract
	1 Background
	2 From Traditional to Technology Enhanced Learning
	3 The Design and Development of the AR App
	4 Result
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
13 360° Video for Immersive Learning Experiences in Science Education
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Immersive Learning Environments and VR360
		1.3 Creating and Viewing VR360 Media
	2 Out-of-Classroom Learning and Laboratory Practical Work
		2.1 Out-of-Classroom Learning
		2.2 Laboratory Practical Activities
		2.3 Common Problems with OOC and Practical Work
	3 VR360 in Science Education
		3.1 Applications of VR360 in Science Learning
			3.1.1 How Can VR360 Be Used?
			3.1.2 How Can VR360 Be Deployed for Teaching and Learning?
		3.2 Affordances of VR360 for Science Learning
		3.3 Combining VR360 with Other AVR Modalities for Science Learning
	4 Issues and Challenges with VR360
		4.1 Pedagogical Issues
			4.1.1 Interactions
			4.1.2 Note-Taking
		4.2 Authoring Challenges
	5 Conclusions
	References
14 Efficient Facial Reconstruction and Real-time Expression for VR Interaction Using RGB-D Videos
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Overview
	4 Personalized Avatar
		4.1 Avatar Face Acquisition
		4.2 Facial Feature Extraction
		4.3 Face Morphing
	5 Real-time Facial Interaction
	6 Implementation and Results
	7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References