Using computational fluid dynamics

PREFACE......Page 7
1.1 Using Computers To Predict Flows......Page 9
1.2 Situations Where Fluids Flow......Page 10
1.3 Why Read This Book ?......Page 13
1.4 The Objectives Of The Study......Page 14
1.5 Using The Book......Page 15
2.1 Some Common Flow Features......Page 18
2.1.1 Fluids All Around Us......Page 19
2.1.2 The Ways Fluids Flow......Page 23
2.1.3 Some Properties of Fluids......Page 24
2.2 Equations Describing Fluids in Motion......Page 26
2.2.1 Developing the Governing Equations......Page 27
2.2.2 Concepts of Turbulence......Page 33
2.2.3 Modelling Turbulence......Page 34
2.3 Obtaining Greater Understanding of Fluid Flow......Page 38
3 NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS......Page 41
3.1.1 The Finite Difference Method......Page 42
3.1.2 The Finite Element Method......Page 46
3.2 Numerical Discretisation of a Simple Equation......Page 52
3.2.1 Using Finite Differences......Page 53
3.2.2 Using Finite Elements......Page 60
3.2.3 Using Finite Volumes......Page 65
3.3 Comparison of the Discretisation Techniques......Page 67
3.4 Producing A Solution From The Discrete Equations......Page 70
3.4.1 Convergence and Stability......Page 71
3.4.2 Solving The Simultaneous Equations......Page 72
3.5.1 Non-Linearity and Time Dependence......Page 78
3.5.2 Obtaining the Pressure Solution......Page 82
3.5.3 The Convection Operator......Page 86
3.5.4 Boundary Conditions For Fluid Flow Problems......Page 88
4 COMPUTER-BASED ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND TOOLS......Page 93
4.1 The Analysis Process......Page 94
4.2.1 Computers......Page 98
4.2.2 Peripherals......Page 101
4.3 Using the Hardware......Page 102
4.4.1 Pre-Processing Programs......Page 104
4.4.2 Solving The Equations......Page 105
4.4.4 Utilities......Page 106
5 DESCRIBING FLOW PROBLEMS IN ENGINEERING......Page 108
5.1.1 Knowing What Is Required of the Analysis......Page 109
5.1.2 Specifying the Geometry of the Problem......Page 111
5.1.3 Defining the Flow......Page 112
5.2 An Example of a Flow Specification......Page 114
6.1 The Need For A Mesh......Page 120
6.2 Creating A Mesh For A Given Flow......Page 121
6.3.1 The Basic Parts of a Mesh......Page 123
6.3.2 Types of Structure......Page 125
6.4.1 Defining the Geometry......Page 129
6.4.2 Determining The Mesh Structure......Page 133
6.4.3 Building a Simple Mesh With a Regular Structure......Page 134
6.4.4 Using Commercial Mesh Generation Software......Page 137
6.4.5 Some Automatic Mesh Generation Algorithms......Page 140
6.5 Modifying An Existing Mesh To Give A Better Solution......Page 145
7 SETTING THE FLUID FLOW PARAMETERS......Page 148
7.1 Specifying Fluid Properties......Page 149
7.2 Determining the Variables That Need To Be Calculated......Page 151
7.3.1 Boundaries for Meshes With A Regular Structure......Page 153
7.3.2 Boundaries for Meshes With An Irregular Structure......Page 155
7.3.3 Grouping Faces Together......Page 159
7.4 Defining the Boundary Conditions......Page 160
7.5 Defining the Initial Conditions......Page 162
7.6 Using User-Generated Subroutines To Influence The Simulation......Page 163
8.1.1 A Note On Iterative Processes......Page 165
8.1.2 Controlling The Iterative Processes......Page 168
8.1.3 Other Solution Control Information......Page 171
8.2 Running the Solver and Troubleshooting......Page 173
9.1 The Results Obtained From The Solver......Page 178
9.2.1 Using Graphics Hardware......Page 181
9.2.2 Using Graphics Software......Page 182
9.2.3 Plotting the Geometry......Page 183
9.2.4 Obtaining the Required View......Page 185
9.2.5 Displaying the Results......Page 189
9.2.6 Special Displays......Page 192
9.3 Checking A Solution......Page 193
9.4 Refining A Computer Model......Page 194
10.1 The Examples......Page 196
10.2 The Software Packages......Page 197
10.3.1 Producing The Flow Specification......Page 199
10.3.2 Some Analysis......Page 201
10.3.3 Building a Mesh......Page 204
10.3.4 Setting the Fluid Flow Parameters......Page 208
10.3.5 Running The Solution......Page 211
10.3.6 Analysing the Results......Page 213
10.4.1 Producing A Flow Specification......Page 218
10.4.2 Creating A Mesh......Page 219
10.4.3 Preparing the Data Before Solution......Page 223
10.4.4 Running the Solver and Analysing the Results......Page 234
10.4.5 A Note On Three-Dimensional Calculations......Page 241
10.5.1 Producing A Specification......Page 243
10.5.2 Producing A Mesh......Page 245
10.5.3 Other Pre-Processing Tasks......Page 248
10.5.4 Running The Solution......Page 252
10.6 A Review Of The Usefulness Of CFD......Page 256
11 MODELLING FLOWS WITH ADDITIONAL COMPLEXITY......Page 258
11.1.1 The Effects of Heat Transfer on a Flow......Page 259
11.1.2 The Energy Equation For Heat Transfer......Page 260
11.1.4 Buoyancy Effects......Page 263
11.1.5 Conjugate Heat Transfer Problems......Page 265
11.1.6 Some Non-Dimensional Groups......Page 267
11.2.1 Some Features Found In Compressible Flows......Page 268
11.2.2 Equations For Compressible Flow......Page 269
11.2.3 Some Practical Problems With Compressible Flows......Page 271
11.3 Multiple-Phase Flows......Page 272
11.4 Modelling the Effects of Combustion......Page 273
12.2 Assessing the Need......Page 274
12.3 Producing A Specification For A CFD Program......Page 275
12.4 Deciding on the Necessary Software......Page 280
12.5 Deciding on the Necessary Hardware......Page 281
12.6 Finding People To Run CFD Simulations......Page 284
12.7 Integrating CFD Within The Design Process......Page 286
APPENDIX A. PHOENICS RESULTS FOR A SIMPLE LAMINAR FLOW......Page 288
REFERENCES......Page 320