Understanding Tuberculosis and its Control: Anthropological and Ethnographic Approaches

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
1 Introduction: Persistent pathogen
	Biomedical history becomes global history
	Anthropological approaches to studying TB
	Broadening the definition of the social
	Biomedical citizenship and the socially incurable
	Other socialities
	Global/local interfaces
	Concluding thoughts
	Notes
	Works cited
2 ‘I wish one of these patients would sue us’: Malpractice at the policy level and how Romania is not treating ...
	Methodology
	TB as a social disease: social causes and social barriers to treatment
	What is to blame for poor M/XDR-TB treatment outcomes in Romania?
		Diagnostics
		Treatment
		Social, economic and psychological support
	TB and the legal environment in Romania
	‘Buy them bus tickets!’
	Even free is expensive: compassionate use donations
	Bootlegging M/XDR-TB treatment
	Conclusion: if we are failing the ‘easy’ patients, what becomes of those with social and economic vulnerabilities?
	Afterword
	Acknowledgements
	Notes
	Works cited
3 ‘Where is the state?’: Tuberculosis strategies in Ghana
	Tuberculosis in Ghana: an historical perspective
	Nzema area: health system and tuberculosis in the Jomoro District
	‘.“Culture” as obstacle to biomedicine’
	From local interpretations to the denial of disease
	Conclusions: the obscuring force of ‘culture’
	Notes
	Works cited
4 ‘Time standing still’: Nurses, temporality and metaphor in a paediatric tuberculosis ward in Cape Town, South Africa
	Introduction
	Setting the scene
	‘Hospital time’
	Patient life
	Nurses: ‘You must take the time’
	Gift: time standing still/‘stuck’ in time
	Carlito: running out of time
	The enduring significance of metaphor
	Concluding thoughts: time standing still
	Notes
	Works cited
5 ‘It’s also the system’: Republican dilemmas in French tuberculosis prevention
	Introduction
	Method and locality
	Street-level bureaucracy
	Investigating contacts
		‘We are nurses; we are not from the police’: subtle distinctions
		‘For me, it’s also the system’: republican dilemmas
		‘I completely let go’: professional ethics in practice
	Conclusion
	Notes
	Works cited
6 Using local statistics to tinker with TB treatment in a central Indian clinic
	Introduction
	‘Therapeutic anarchy’: TB treatment options in India
	Jan Swasthya Sahyog: community-based medicine
	Everyone loves numbers
	Jan Swasthya Sahyog loves numbers, too
	Concluding comments
	Notes
	Works cited
7 Community DOTS and beyond: Tackling the collective processes that (re)produce tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro
	Introduction
	Recent history of DOTS in Brazil
	The beginning of DOTS implementation in Rio de Janeiro
	A community approach to DOTS and tuberculosis care in Rio de Janeiro
	The initiatives of the municipality
	The initiatives of the Global Fund project for tuberculosis
	Limits of the community approach to DOTS in Rio de Janeiro
	The story of Caio
	Precarious life conditions
	Absent or insufficient health services in areas with high tuberculosis incidence
	Daily violence
	Towards a collective level approach to tuberculosis
	Tackling the collective processes that (re)produce tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro
	Final remarks
	Acknowledgements
	Notes
	Works cited
8 The price of free: Contextualizing the unintended expenditures of diagnosing tuberculosis in Kunming, China
	Introduction
	Field methodology
	Public health aspirations: the Chinese national tuberculosis plan and the ‘double free’ policy
	“Tuberculosis is a money problem”: patient experience diagnosing tuberculosis
	Conclusion: patient experience in national context
	Notes
	Works cited
9 Innovating tuberculosis diagnostics for the point of care
	Addressing complex diagnostic and treatment ecosystems
	Practices of evaluation and evidence making on tuberculosis diagnostics
	How to strengthen innovation processes?
	Conclusion
	Works cited
10 India’s national TB programme: The struggle for innovation and control
	The project
		Example one: Is TB transmitted from one person to another and, if so, how?
		Example two: How long after taking TB medication is a patient no longer highly contagious to household members?
		Examples three and four: TB and mother–child health
		Example five: TB medication after alcohol consumption
	Reception by the national TB programme
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Notes
	Works cited
11 Excluded from reciprocity: Tuberculosis, conspicuous consumption and the medicalization of poverty
	Excluded from reciprocity
	Conspicuously consumptive
	The only winner
	Acknowledgements
	Works cited
12 Consumed in care: Healthcare workers in Mumbai’s TB-control Program
	Contextualizing TB in Mumbai
	Tuberculosis among healthcare workers in Sewri TB Hospital
	Invisibility and disposability: the case of community health workers/volunteers
	NGOs treatment of community health volunteers
	Personal consequences
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	Notes
	Works cited
13 Between representing and intervening: Diagnosing childhood tuberculosis during a vaccine trial in South Africa
	Between representing and intervening
	SATVI’s trials in the Breede Valley
	Protocol and beyond: complexities on the ground
		The home visits
		The case-verification ward
	Conclusions
	Notes
	Works cited
14 Diagnosing tuberculosis: A case study from Nepal
	Introduction
	Scenario one: The International Organisation of Migration laboratory
	Scenario two: The government laboratory system
	Why the increased focus on case finding?
	What was the impact of the introduction of GeneXpert into the NTP?
	Integration of NGO and government services, and the question of incentives
	Conclusion
	Notes
	Works cited
Index