Understanding Social Movements

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
List of figures......Page 13
List of boxes......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 17
Should we be optimistic about social movement radicalism?......Page 18
Social movements in society......Page 22
Doing social movement research......Page 23
Understanding social movements......Page 25
Introduction......Page 27
Social psychology of crowds......Page 28
Collective behaviour theory......Page 29
Box 2.1 Propaganda and collective behaviour: The Nuremburg rallies......Page 30
Symbolic interactionism: Blumer’s theory of social movements......Page 32
Box 2.2 Social movement colours: ‘Rebel Colours’......Page 33
Smelser’s structural-functionalism and the value-added model......Page 37
Box 2.4 Determinants of collective behaviour: Example of a financial panic......Page 38
Evaluating Blumer and Smelser......Page 41
Box 2.5 Social movements as dramas......Page 42
Summary......Page 46
Rational choice theory and the free rider problem......Page 47
Critiques of rational choice theory......Page 49
Conclusion......Page 50
Note......Page 51
Introduction......Page 52
Resource mobilization theory......Page 53
Box 3.1 Defining ‘social movement’......Page 55
Political process model......Page 57
Structure of political opportunities......Page 58
Box 3.2 Political opportunity and nested institutions: The case of New Zealand’s anti-nuclear weapons movement......Page 60
Box 3.3 Opportunity structures in anti-corporate activism......Page 61
Repertoires of contention......Page 63
Box 3.4 The Rebecca Riots......Page 64
Box 3.5 Revolt of the Languedoc winegrowers......Page 66
Cycles of protest......Page 67
Box 3.6 The importance of preexisting networks for black insurgency and the US civil rights movement......Page 69
How organized should a social movement be?......Page 70
Assessing social movement success......Page 71
The ‘cultural turn’ in resource mobilization theory: Framing processes and collective action......Page 72
Box 3.7 Master frames and cycles of protest......Page 74
Conclusion......Page 75
Suggested readings......Page 76
Notes......Page 77
Introduction......Page 78
New social movements in programmed society......Page 79
Box 4.1 Post-materialism......Page 80
Social movements and social class......Page 81
Social movements as ‘nomads of the present’......Page 82
Box 4.2 Women’s self-help movements......Page 84
Criticisms of new social movement theory......Page 87
Box 4.3 Disabled people’s fight for equal rights and anti-discrimination laws......Page 88
Box 4.4 From Fordism to post-Fordism......Page 91
Social welfare movements: Recognition or redistribution, or both?......Page 94
Protesting precarity: New wine, old bottles?......Page 95
Box 4.5 Symbols of precarity protests......Page 99
Abeyance structures......Page 103
Box 4.6 Abeyance structures and social welfare: The infant welfare movement......Page 106
Social movements surviving neoliberalism......Page 107
Box 4.7 Austerity and protest......Page 108
Synthesizing approaches......Page 109
Conclusion......Page 112
Notes......Page 113
Introduction......Page 115
Passionate politics......Page 116
Box 5.1 Dispassionate politics? Non-emotional framing in animal rights activism......Page 118
The role of political colours in the emotional life of social movements......Page 119
Narrative and storytelling......Page 121
Box 5.2 Battle of the Beanfield: A war story......Page 124
The contribution of narrative analysis to the cultural canon of social movement studies......Page 125
Box 5.3 David and Goliath: The McLibel trial......Page 127
Emotions in stories of protest......Page 129
Box 5.4 Emotions in social movement organizations......Page 130
Music and protest......Page 131
Box 5.5 Pussy Riot and the successful diffusion of feminist ideas......Page 133
Performing protest......Page 134
Box 5.6 Sydney Mardi Gras: GAYTMs......Page 137
Subcultures and social movements......Page 138
Suggested readings......Page 140
Notes......Page 141
Introduction......Page 142
Religious movements and social movements: Never the twain shall meet?......Page 143
Box 6.1 Religious protest repertoires......Page 145
Reconciling new religious movements and new social movements......Page 149
Box 6.2 Liberation theology......Page 150
Box 6.3 Religious ‘lifestyle movements’......Page 155
Free space and autonomy......Page 157
Box 6.4 Religion: Ideology or opposition?......Page 159
Stories, narrative, and emotion in religious social movements......Page 160
Religion and politics......Page 163
Box 6.5 Jubilee 2000......Page 165
Suggested readings......Page 167
Note......Page 168
Introduction......Page 169
Space: The final frontier?......Page 170
Box 7.1 Freegan anti-consumerism: Spaces of urban resistance......Page 172
Geography and social movement theory......Page 173
Box 7.2 L’affaire des Sans-papiers......Page 174
Indigenous peoples’ struggles for identity, space, and autonomy......Page 181
Box 7.3 Bolivia’s water war......Page 186
Tea Party, sociospatial structure, and the geography of collective action......Page 189
Box. 7.4 Nimbys or Niabys?......Page 195
Why space matters to Occupy......Page 197
Box 7.5 Already occupied: Indigenous peoples and Occupy movements......Page 199
Policing space......Page 201
Box 7.6 Policing protest space, Sydney style......Page 204
Conclusion......Page 205
Suggested readings......Page 207
Introduction......Page 209
Greenpeace: A media-savvy social movement organization......Page 212
Box 8.2 Tea Party: Media manufactured or genuine grassroots movement?......Page 215
Hackers and hacktivists......Page 217
Box 8.3 Culture jamming......Page 220
Wikileaks: Hactkivism and counterveillance......Page 221
Citizen journalism as sousveillance......Page 225
Box 8.4 Policing’s new visibility: The case of Ian Tomlinson......Page 228
The 2011 English riots: Digital mob or mediated crowd?......Page 231
Arab Spring......Page 232
Conclusion......Page 235
Suggested readings......Page 237
Introduction......Page 239
Transnational activism and globalization......Page 240
What is globalization?......Page 242
Box 9.1 Global civil society......Page 245
Box 9.2 Think globally, act locally: Resisting globalization ‘from below’......Page 248
Transnational advocacy networks and international opportunity structures......Page 250
Global justice movement......Page 252
Box 9.3 New media and global activism......Page 256
International human rights and protest......Page 258
Box 9.4 ‘Comfort women’ challenging international law......Page 262
Conclusion......Page 264
Suggested readings......Page 265
Objects and outcomes of social movement activity......Page 267
Political process, protest repertoires, and opportunity structures......Page 269
Movement autonomy and the state......Page 271
Bibliography......Page 274
Index......Page 302